When Was the Terracotta Army Found

In 1974, a life-sized, terracotta army was discovered near Lintong, Xian, Shaanxi, China.  Buried in underground pits, the 8,000 terracotta soldiers and horses were part of the necropolis of Chinas first emperor,  Qin Shihuangdi, to aid him in the afterlife. While work continues on excavating and preserving the terracotta army, it remains one of the most important archaeological finds of the 20th century. The Discovery On March 29, 1974, three farmers were drilling holes in the hopes of finding water to dig wells when they came upon some ancient terracotta pottery shards. It didnt take long for news of this discovery to spread and by July a Chinese archaeological team began excavating the site. What these farmers had discovered was the 2200-year-old remains of a life-sized, terracotta army that had been buried with Qin Shihuangdi, the man who had united the varied provinces of China and thus the very first emperor of China (221-210 BCE). Qin Shihuangdi has been remembered throughout history as a harsh ruler, but he is also well known for his many accomplishments. It was  Qin Shihuangdi who standardized the weights and measures within his vast lands, created a uniform script, and created the first version of the Great Wall of China. 700,000 Workers Even before Qin Shihuangdi unified China, he began building his own mausoleum nearly as soon as he came to power in 246 BCE at age 13. It is believed that it took 700,000 workers to build what became Qin Shihuangdis necropolis and that when it was finished, he had many of the workers -- if not all 700,000 -- buried alive within it to keep its intricacies a secret. The terracotta army was found just outside of his tomb complex, near modern-day Xian. (The mound that contains  Qin Shihuangdis tomb remains unexcavated,) After  Qin Shihuangdis death, there was a power struggle, ultimately leading to a civil war. It was perhaps at this time that some of the terracotta figures were knocked over, broken, and set on fire. Also, many of the weapons held by the terracotta soldiers were stolen. 8,000 Soldiers in Battle Formation What remains of the terracotta army are three, trench-like pits of soldiers, horses, and chariots. (A fourth pit has been found empty, probably remaining unfinished when Qin Shihuangdi died unexpectedly at age 49 in 210 BCE.) In these pits stand  approximately 8,000 soldiers, positioned according to rank, stand in battle formations facing east. Each one is life-sized and unique. Although the main structure of the body was created in an assembly-line fashion, added details in the faces and hairstyles, as well as clothing and arm positioning, make no two terracotta soldiers alike. When originally placed, each soldier carried a weapon. While many of the bronze weapons remain, many others appear to have been stolen in antiquity. While pictures often show the terracotta soldiers in an earthy color, each soldier had once been intricately painted. A few remnant paint chips remain; however, much of it crumbles when the soldiers are unearthed by archaeologists. In addition to the terracotta soldiers, there are full-sized, terracotta horses and several war chariots. A World Heritage Site Archaeologists continue to excavate and learn about the terracotta soldiers and Qin Shihuangdis necropolis. In 1979, the large Museum of Terracotta Army was opened to allow tourists to see these amazing artifacts in person. In 1987, UNESCO designated the terracotta army a world heritage site.

United States, U.s. V. Nixon - 961 Words

Not to be confused with Nixon v. United States, U.S. v. Nixon was a crucial case of the Supreme Court during a time of political scandal. On the night of June 17th, 1972, five men broke into the Democratic National Committee in an attempt to gain secrets that would help Nixon win the re-election. The men were found to be connected to Nixon himself. Upon being caught, all hell broke loose for Nixon’s presidency and there was no turning back. Upon further investigation by Congress, Nixon was committing illegal acts other than that of burglary. It was discovered that the tapes Nixon used to record his conversations in the Oval Office would be beneficial in the sense that they contained all the proof needed to impeach the president. The president argued that this damning information needed not be shared with the community and was protected by his executive privileges. The entire situation became known as the Watergate scandal and exploded in popularity with the help of the media. After it was all said and done, the Supreme Court ruled that Nixon was being unconstitutional. This is undoubtedly true due to the fact a president is supposed to help a country grow stronger, not tear it apart. In November of 1968, Richard Nixon, a former vice president, gains the title of president beating Hubert Humphrey in a strikingly close election. However, his presidency was soon met with difficulty and scandal. By 1971, the Pentagon Papers had been leaked to theShow MoreRelatedThe Watergate Scandal Of President Nixon1255 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Nixon was 37th President of United States from 1969 until 1974. He won second term as president in 1972 defeating George McGovern. Also, President Nixon is remembered as the first President to resign from Office after the 70s Watergate Scandal. His achievement includes forging diplomatic ties with China and Soviet Union and also withdrawing troops from war in Vietnam. 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Kennedy1480 Words   |  6 PagesRepublicans absolutely loved Nixon for his tough stance on communism and his position as vice president had given him prominence and experience where communism was concerned.. Democrats , meanwhile, nominated the relatively unknown John F. Kennedy, a young but accomplished senator from Massachusetts who had served with distinction in World War II and had won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1956 book Profiles in Courage .At only forty-three years old, Kennedy exuded a youthful confidence that contrasted sharplyRead MoreGovernment Power and Authorities1111 Words   |  5 Pages#1. (Chapter 2) Define Federalism and Separation of Powers, Identify the Major Sources of State and Federal authorities explicit to the Constitution, and explain why the division of powers architecture was important to the Framers. Federalism is the division of Governmental powers and authorities between the State and Federal Governments. Separation of Powers is not actually labeled or defined within the constitution. However, the Framers of the constitution found â€Å"to avoid tyranny, a separationRead MoreBill of Rights Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The First Amendment of the United States Constitution: an amendment that guarantees three rights, one of which is the right to freedom of expression. Under this, there resides the freedom of press. It assures that people are free to communicate through the means of media and dissemination without governmental restraints. However, if the government desires to interfere in one’s expression, the government can do so, but only with proper justification. In such cases, a court case is necessary

Ange Behaviour free essay sample

Behavior is the way we conduct ourselves, especially towards others Behavior in schools has declined over recent years. A I-J charity for teacher well- being the Teaching Support Network, has carried out research to identify the deterioration of pupils behavior over the past 5 years. The poll of teachers reveals over half (53%) of primary school teachers say they have seen worsening behavior, compared with only 46% of secondary school teachers. (Dessertspoon. Info) The Yogurt poll of 481 primary and 321 secondary school teachers also highlighted the impact that poor student behavior has had on teacher well-being. Nearly two thirds (62%) of primary school teachers said that poor behavior has resulted in stress, anxiety or depression. Over a third (37%) of primary school teachers say theyve thought about leaving the profession as a result of behavior problems. Almost one in four (38%) teachers complained that behavior is preventing them from teaching effectively. (Dessertspoon. Info) There are many different types of theories behind behavior. Albert Bandeau (1977) states behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning This is known as the social learning theory. He believed that humans were active information processors who have the ability to think about the relationship between their behavior and its consequences. He suggested that observational learning could not occur unless cognitive processes were at work. What this means, is children watch the way people around them behave and replicate these behaviors. This was illustrated in the Boob doll experiment in 1 966 carried out by Bandeau. (McLeod, S. A. 2011). Although this was a controlled experiment the results showed that the children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in physically aggressive way than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. However it is possible to argue that the experiment was unethical. John Bowl (1 907 1 990) was a psychoanalyst who believed that mental health and behavioral problems could be attributed to early childhood. His theory suggests if care is available during frightening adverse conditions the bond will be secure. Nevertheless, if the bond is delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months then this may prove detrimental to a childs development. If the attachment figure is Rosen or disrupted during the critical two year period the child will suffer irreversible long-term consequences of this maternal deprivation such as long term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties .This risks continues until the age of five. Bowl used the term maternal deprivation to refer to the separation or loss of the mother as well as failure to develop an attachment. Bowl (1988) However, a longitudinal study by Schaffer Emerson suggests otherwise. They discovered, after studying 60 babies for the first 18 months Of their lives, that specific attachments started at about 8 months and, very hourly thereafter, the infants became attached to other people . By 18 months very few were attached to only one person and some had five or more attachments. McLeod 2009) It is suggested by Router that not only the mother can be an attachment figure but a father, siblings, peers and inanimate objects are also attachment figures which may cause protest or distress when child is detached from them. Router points out that several indicators of attachment (such as protest or distress when attached person leaves) have been shown for a variety of attachment figures -? fathers, billing, peers and even inanimate objects. Router also believes that children can recover from early deprivation. (Router, 1979).For this case study I have observed child A whom I will call Bill for the purpose of this case study. These are snap shots of Bills recurring behavior. Bill is aged 4 and has an older sister with Autism and a younger sister also mum is expecting another baby very soon . Bills dad works away from home too. From a young age Bill has shown signs of social and emotional and behavior difficulties. Children with emotional or behavioral disorders are characterized primarily by behavior hat falls significantly beyond the norms of their cultural and age group on two dimensions: exterminating and internalizing. Heard 2005) Both patterns Of abnormal behavior have adverse effects on childrens academic achievement and social relationships. 1. Snapshot observation 1 of Bill: Tidy up time llama TA asked Bill to stop what he was doing and tidy up the cars. Bill screamed No, then threw toy car, pushed another child away and rolled laid face down on the carpet shouting Im not doing it I want to play. Teacher asked Bill again to put the toys away and then said you can choose to tidy up now, then e can have our milk and snack or when everyone goes off to play youll have to stay here and tidy up the cars. The teacher then walked away. 2. Snapshot observation 2 of Bill: 9. Mama Registration Bill is rolling round on the carpet rest of class sat in a circle for register. Teacher asks Bill Is that how we sit for register? Bill shouts l dont wan! Teacher asks Bill Can you sit like your friend? Bill shouts No, Im not! Teacher then goes over to Bill and gentle coaxes him up and to sit like his friends . She then rewards his friend by moving him up the reward ladder for sitting appropriately.Bill responds to this and sits better asking Can I move up the ladder? The teacher then explains that if he sits well during the register he can move up 1 step. Exterminating behavior for example; getting out of their seat, yelling, talking out, disturbing peers, hitting or fighting ignoring the teacher, arguing excessively, destroying property, do not comply with directions, have temper tantrums, are excluded from peer-controlled activities do not respond to teacher corrections, do not complete tasks. Bill shows signs of these types of behavior on a daily basis.Dry Rudolf Dressers says that all behavior has a purpose Including gaining attention, seeking power taking revenge or avoiding failure. (Dressers. R) Rhode, Jensen, and Reeves describe noncompliance as the king-pin behavior around which other behavioral excesses revolve. Noncompliance is simply defined as not following a direction within a reasonable amount of time. Most of the arguing, tantrums, fighting or rule breaking is secondary to avoiding requests or required tasks. (W. L. Heard) Having difficulty in handling frustration he has sporadic bursts of temper tantrums/meltdowns.This behavior is a means to n end for him whether it is to want something or to avoid something and the child acts out to get a specific reaction from others. The meltdowns which according to Bill Mason (2014) occur when a childs brain is overwhelmed with stress chemicals and has reached the panic, flight or fight stress reaction. The stress builds up to the point that the brain overwhelms and loses the ability to cope. Bills triggers tend to be caused when there is a sudden change with his routine or when he is asked to do something different by an adult.He also has meltdowns when he cannot get his own way with his peers such as if he ants to be at the front of the line and another child is there first Bill will scream at the child and push and hit them. He has also been known to bite and scratch others and does not respond well to reasoning. As Mason states children having a meltdown take time to calm down. They should be made to feel safe by giving them space and time to think. They may not like anyone in their personal space and this should be respected . Any stimulants should also be removed.This has an effect on Bills learning as he is missing vital parts of lessons . His peers are also effected as the teacher spends the time to settle Bill down. Concerns were raised by OFFSET in a report in 201 2/13 of the increase of low level disruption guidance was then set to place greater emphasis on the issues for the inspectors. A survey was carried out that showed the concerns from teachers career and parents it also demonstrates that people in leadership positions are not doing enough to ensure high standards in pupils behavior.According to Galloway et al, disruptive behavior is defined as a wide range of behavior of any behavior which appears problematic, inappropriate and disturbing to teachers (Phantom, 201 0) Under the guidance of the Department of Education Behavior and Discipline in Schools document 201 3 (Defer, 2013) my settings behavior policy states We must encourage positive behavior and discourage inappropriate behavior We hav e 8 steps to follow in dealing with inappropriate behavior they are as follows.They begin by reprimanding the child, then isolating the child within the classroom, using maybe a time out spot or chair privileges will then be removed and at this point a referral to WEBS should be consider. At step 4 The child will be sent to another class within their year group and the principle will be informed after that the class teacher will contact and arrange meeting with parents discuss the concerns. At this point PEPS must be started -If they child reaches stage 6 they will have a white report card and inform the principle. Partner exclusion maybe considered and the final step placed on red or amber Head teachers report card.If poor behavior continues and it is felt that school have used all of the resources available to them, a referral to a Behavior Unit for a short term placement may be considered. This also refers to the Education Act 2002 and Education and Inspections Act 2000. If the childrens behavior causes concern during these tepees the class teacher will meet with the parents to discuss concerns and then refer the child to the Enhanced Learning Support Team. After further observations they will then attend a meeting with the SENSE or the head of the behavior team t o discuss a Personal Education Plan. If a childs behavior is be due to a special educational need such as Autism or Espaliers Syndrome the SEEN Code of Practice then recommends that pupils who are at either Stage 2 or 3 of the SEEN register should have an Individual Education Plan. The PIPE should focus on the specific learning difficulties of the hill and should take into account what the child has already achieved and should progress through the curriculum at the childs appropriate level -all targets should be achievable over a specified time scale.If appropriate outside advice should be sought. (OFFSET SEEN Code of Practice 1999) A child may also need to access an intervention group with an ELSE member for more direct support. If there is no progress made then outside professionals may need to be involved such as Educational psychologist. To assist Bill the schools behavior team have implemented some strategies to use Some of Hess are also suggested by the National Autistic Society (Autism. Org 2014) and although Bil l has not received a statement he does show signs of autistic traits. As mentioned previously, Bills sister is Autistic and he maybe copying her behaviors. According to Bandannas Social Learning Theory people learn through observing, imitating and modeling others. (Bandeau, 1977). According to a study carried out by Leslie Carver, PhD. Younger brothers or sisters of autistic children are probably going to show some of the same irregular social behaviors as their older siblings with autism Although they ay not go on to develop the disorder. Can. err,2007) On a daily basis we use a now and next board with visual pictures (Picture Exchange Communication System) this is an approach that teaches early communication skills using pictures. (Baker, S. 1947-2013) of the setting and of different events that arise during a typical day such as; phonic time, lunch time, carpet time etc This enables Bill to have prior warning as to what is happening throughout the day use an emotions fan too which is also part of the PECS .This is a picture fan made up of several emotions and is used to help Bill talk about his motions and to learn different strategies to deal with them more effectively Bill has responded well to this and has begun to take the cards to a teacher or L AS if he is feeling frustrated or angry. Effective strategies we use with young children are sticker charts to reward positive behavior. Bill responds well to praise and rewards. Wellhead, Watson and Skinner state that the most effective ways to help learners is to teach them new behaviors by using rewards and sanctions.Cries, J. Soon, S. (2003) We use a rewards ladder for the whole class. The aim of this is to reward the childrens good behavior or ark they then climb to the top of the ladder. When they reach the top they are rewarded with a book mark. Bill has 1-1 time with the behavior team on a daily basis to talk about how is behavior has being in that particular day has a squashy stress ball to squeeze when he is beginning to get angry this is not always productive depending on Bills frame of mind he chooses to throw the ball instead.Within the setting there is a quiet area/ time out corner Bill is able to access whenever he feels the need to have a few minutes to calm down. This is very effective when Bill knows he has behaved inappropriately he sometimes take himself to the quiet area to calm down after 5-10 minutes Bill is then usually ready to discuss his behavior with an adult and also make a choice for the consequences of his action.This is known as restorative justice it is an approach used to discuss together what has happened and what impact it has had on those involved and how they have been effected and what needs to happen to put things right. American Physiologist Burghs Frederic Skinner believed that the use of punishment in schools to be ineffective and after research found that the use of rewards influenced a students behavior. Skinner) Although Cohn disagrees with Skinner and believes that the use of rewards as being ineffective as once the rewards are stopped the child reverts back to the unacceptable behavior. Chon 1993). Many behavior management systems used in todays schools are directly influenced by his work. Skinner Bill shows signs of poor emotional and social skills in accordance to the Early Years Foundation Stage he is currently working within the at 16-26 months strand of SSE feelings and behavior (BYES 2014). Due to this he is at risk of making poor relationships with peers and problems with his academic progression, which later could dead to involvement in crime, or developing physical or mental health problems.After researching attachment disorders Bill shows signs of having Ambivalent Attachment Disorder he can be openly angry and displays destructive behavior, he does not like people invading his personal space and tells people to get away . Bill struggles to have any kind of friendship with his peers. If he does not get his own way he can get aggressive and hurt others. Untreated, this could lead to become a sociopath or psychopath. (Smith,B. 201 0) Social and emotional milestones are often harder to pinpoint than signs of physical development.This area emphasizes many skills that increase self-awareness and self-regulation. Research shows that social skills and emotional development (reflected in the ability to pay attention, make transitions from one activity to another, and cooperate with others) are a very important part of school readiness. Mascots believes that before a students cognitive needs can be met they must first fulfill their basic physiological needs. For example a tired and hungry student will find it difficult to focus on learning.Students need to feel emotionally and physically safe and accepted within the classroom to progress and reach their full potential. Mascot, 1943-1954) In order to develop social and emotional skills, parents need to give their children the opportunity to play with others, explore their own abilities and express their feelings. While maintaining limits, it is a good idea to offer children choices so that they can begin asserting their own preferences.Erikson believes that there are eight stages of social and emotional development and that the each stage must be met before the next stage can be satisfactorily negotiated. (Erikson 1 956) It is essential for children to learn that they can trust and rely on their caregivers. By being responsive ND consistent, parents help children learn that they can depend on the people they are close to. A big part of this also involves providing consistent rules and discipline as a child get older. If a child knows what is expected and what will happen when the rules are broken, they will learn that the world is orderly. Doing this also help the child to develop a greater sense of self- control, (Agate 2014) In social situations, help you child learn how to express their emotions in appropriate ways. When strong emotions like anger or jealousy rear their heads, a child should be encouraged to talk about how hey are feeling without acting out inappropriately. When unsuitable emotional responses do occur, such as hitting or yelling, been clear and concise and let the child know that the actions are not acceptable, but always offer an alternative response. An adult should model the type of behavior you expect to see as often as possible.According to Boycotts (1 978), much important learning by the child occurs through social interaction with a skilful tutor, and with appropriate direction and guidance, children usually learn ways to regulate themselves and compromise with others, and grow out of using aggression to get what they want. The aim of this case study was to look at behavior of a particular ch ild in my setting and how we implement strategies to promote positive behavior. It has become apparent that when Bill has structure and routine at school he is able to apply himself academically. This can help him to reach his full academic potential. During my observations of Bill has shown signs of emotional and social behavior which needs further investigation. Have looked at the triggers and put recommendations in place such as continuing to use the Now and Next board and emotional fans regularly as this will support Bill through his academic journey. It will also enable him to understand his emotions and how to deal with his anger in a more appropriate way. Referral to the SENSE and a PEP have been put into place and this will ensure all other adults have an understanding of how best to help Bill.The intervention of an Educational Physiologist would benefit Bill as it may be that he has needs one to one support put in place. Now feel I have a better understanding of the theoretical constructs that underpin different behavior traits. Can now use this knowledge and understanding in my own practice to ensure the individual needs of every child are met in accordance with the strategic approaches that are available to us.

The work of the accountant free essay sample

The work of the comptroller. The work of the comptroller is said to be diverse in nature. Basically, it deals with recording, sum uping, analysing and verifying concern minutess in books of comptrollers. The undertaking of analyzing and analysing histories is one of great significance. It makes it possible to supply information necessary for economic direction. There is normally an limitless supply of informations available in an endeavor. The key job facing comptrollers is the choice for showing to the direction merely meaningful information. And the comptroller is effectual if he supplies information quickly and in a clear linguistic communication. Great alterations are known to hold taken topographic point over recent old ages. The function of the comptroller has changed and his maps have deepened and widened. The old book # 8211 ; keeper is a fable now. He was described as a dried # 8211 ; up narrow # 8211 ; minded individual ignorant of everything but boring operations with figure. We will write a custom essay sample on The work of the accountant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The modern accountant Acts of the Apostless as an advisor to the direction and helps the latter in determination # 8211 ; doing. Under modern conditions merely comptrollers can minimise the grade of uncertainly inherent in every concern determination. Accountants enable the direction to measure their ain public presentation. They besides help them device ways to better their efficiently. The birth of accounting in Russia. Accounting emerged in the 11th century in Kiev an Russia. In emerged through the development of province and cloistered under taking. It besides emerged thought the enlargement of trading and related recognition activities. The province and cloistered economic entity presumed the usage of the stock list agenda. Then it was the footing of all accounting. The main undertaking consisted in Keeping a record of objects so as to do possible an accurate checking of the physical stock. At that clip at that place appeared the current history, ab initio in trade where a important figure of individuals were involved. From the 17th century in Russia there evolved a instead complicated system of agricultural accounting. The accounting extended non merely to set down, herds, harvests, seeds and implements, but besides people # 8211 ; helot. In connexion with the reforms introduced by Peter I at that place occurred a important alteration in the organisation of accounting. During his reign there wa s published the first official papers incorporating mentions to accounting # 8211 ; military legislative act. By the terminal of the reign of Peter I there had been created big industrial endeavors. Such big projects required an suitably different organisation of accounting. The first official papers covering earnestly with the organisation of accounting was the Admiralty Regulation. The reforms of Peter I had a great influence on the development of accounting. Accounting in Tsarist Russia. The development of industrial accounting in Russia is inseparably linked with the names of N. Emelyanov and S. Ivanov. The first book to cover with industrial accounting was Emelyanov # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Production Exercises in Accounting for Home Trade and Manufacturing # 8221 ; . In the book there was proposed a particular cost history for treating trade goods. S.F.Ivanov work was General Principles of Double # 8211 ; Entry book # 8211 ; maintaining for Executives Concerned with Accounting Mercantile and Industrial Affairs. It was the first major work on the subject. It besides contained some singular pages on the universe history of a figure of systems of cost finding. His chief thought was that merely direct outgo should consist cost. It subsequently provided the footing for a figure of systems of cost finding. Feldgausen # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Norms Factory Reforming # 8221 ; was no less important. In this book it was foremost proposed that work undertaken and work complete d would be recorded at predetermined stable monetary values. The cost divergences had to be collected and written off to the net income and loss history. The thought was subsequently placed at the footing of standard costing. At the same clip really crude methods dominated the pattern of accounting. The traditional mill accounting was based upon the accounting developed in Germany. Scientific accounting began and developed in Russia in the 19thcentury. Nevertheless accounting and control were wholly retarded. The nature and intent of accounting. The intent of accounting is to supply economic information. It permits users of that information to do informed judgements and determinations. Users of economic information require this cognition to assist them make up ones mind how best to apportion available resource. Resources are scarce in relation to necessitate and users rely on accounting studies to guarantee the efficient and effectual allotment of supplies. Some of the major users of accounting information are proprietors of concern, loaners of money, such as Bankss, providers of goods and services, directors of a concern, clients of a concern, employees, authoritiess, the populace, rivals. The major determination facing proprietors and possible proprietors is whether or non to put or retain an investing in a concern, shooting # 8211 ; term loaners will usually be concerned with the # 8220 ; liquidness # 8221 ; of the concern. Long # 8211 ; term loaners are concerned with the chances of the concern is able to pay for the goods and services provided. Directors must do different sorts of economic determinations and necessitate different accounting information. The current fiscal status of the concern and likely hereafter public presentation will be of involvement for clients. Employees will necessitate information refering alterations in employment degrees and the ability of the concern to run into pay demands. Governments se information on net incomes made in order to measure liability for revenue enhancement, members of the populace may wish to measure whether or non the concern is a # 8220 ; good citizen # 8221 ; . Rivals may see taking over the concern. Desirable qualities of fiscal information. In order for accounting information to be considered utile it should possess certain qualities. There are relevancy, objectiveness, seasonableness, comparison, comprehensibility. These qualities may at clip be in struggle with one another and some via media between them may hold to be made. The position as to what constitutes a satisfactory via media may change between users. Accounting information is said to hold relevancy if it has the possible to act upon the determinations and judgements of users. Irrelevant accounting information provides no benefit to users and does non warrant the costs of bring forthing the information. Objectivity or nonpartisanship can be divided into two elements^ verifiability, and freedom from prejudice. Verifiability means that qualified accountant managing the same basic informations but working independent would bring forth the same consequences. Freedom from bias suggests that the information produced will non prefer the involvements of a peculiar gr oup of users at the disbursal of another. Accounting information should by seasonably in the sense that it should be produced moderately shortly after the terminal of the accounting period. Other wise it will lose the relevancy. Timeliness besides means that the coverage intervals should be frequent plenty. Comparability suggests that it is utile if points and events common to different concerns are measured and presented in the same mode. To possess the quality of understandability accounting information should be set out in a clear and logical chief. The types and rubrics of histories. Sometimes big sums of informations are gathered in the measuring of concern dealing. So a method of storage and retrieval of information is required. In other words, there should be a filing system to sit out or sort all the dealing of concern. This filing system consists of histories. An history is the basic storage unit for informations in accounting. In its simplest signifier an history has three parts a rubric that describe the plus, liability, or proprietor # 8217 ; s equity history, a left side, which is called the recognition side. This signifier of history called a T history is used to analyze the history is a debit, or debit entry. And any entry made on the right side of the history is a recognition, or recognition entry. The most normally used types of histories are Asset Accounts, Liabilities Accounts and proprietor # 8217 ; s Equity Accounts. In a manual accounting system each history is kept on a separate page or card. These pages or cards are placed together in a book or a file. This book or file, which contains all groups of the company # 8217 ; s histories, is called a leger. In a computing machine system, which most companies have today, the histories are maintained on magnetic tapes or phonograph record. Histories are numbered and a list of these histories is called a chart of histories. Different companies have different charts of history. The dual # 8211 ; entry system. The dual # 8211 ; entry system, the anchor of accounting, avouched during the Renaissance. The first systematic presentation of dual # 8211 ; entry book # 8211 ; maintaining appeared in 1994, two old ages after Columbus discovered America. It was described in a mathematics book written by Luca Paciolli, a Franciscan monastic who was a friend of Leonardo district attorney Vinci. Before the innovation of dual # 8211 ; entry book # 8211 ; maintaining accounting records had been disorganized. The usage of this technique had a positive consequence on both concern and trade. In the Middle Ages the cognition of this techniques was a pre # 8211 ; status of rapid economic growing of most European states. In Russia dual # 8211 ; entry accounting was introduced to the province under Peter I. It was foremost applied for the Admiralty and the ground forces. The first big endeavor to utilize dual # 8211 ; entry was the Demidovs. By the terminal of the 18thcentury the Demidovs endeavor had acquired sophisticated accounting techniques. The dual # 8211 ; entry system is based on the rule of dichotomy. It means that all economic events have two facets # 8211 ; attempt and wages beginnings and uses # 8211 ; that, away set, or equilibrate each other. In the dual # 8211 ; entry system each dealing most be recorded with at least one debit and one recognition. And the entire sum of debit and the entire sum of credits equal each other. Because of the manner it is designed, the system as a whole is ever in balance. The conventions of accounting. Accounting is a linguistic communication through which fiscal and economic information is collected, stored, analyzed and classified. Finally it is communicated to users. Accounting has bit by bit developed and it has besides adapted to run into the demands of users. Certain regulations have emergent in accounting to run into practical demands. The most of import of these regulations or conventions are referred to as constructs. The basic accounting constructs of International Accounting Standards are just presentations, accumulations, traveling concern, consistence, materiality and collection. The construct of just presentation means that all fiscal statements should incorporate equal information. This information concerns the fiscal place of an endeavor. All the fiscal statements should be prepared on the footing of statute law and in the context of accounting patterns. The construct of accumulations provinces that net income or loss for a period is the difference between the entir e grosss and entire disbursals for that period. The construct of traveling concern asserts that it is assumed that the busi cape will last indefinitely. The construct of consistence assumes that accounting intervention of similar points is the same and it requires similar methods to be used from twelvemonth to twelvemonth. The construct of materiality and collection assumes comparative importance of an point and offers sensible estimates. Fiscal statements are a cardinal characteristic of accounting. They are the primary agencies of pass oning of import accounting information to users. Four major fiscal statements are used to pass on the information about the concern. Each of them trades with a peculiar facet of fiscal conditions. The first fiscal statement is the income statement or net income and loss history. It summaries as the sum of grosss earned and disbursals incurred over a period of clip. Many people consider it the most of import fiscal study. But the income statement has one major lack. It merely shows the alterations in fiscal place and many events don # 8217 ; t look on the income statement. The 2nd fiscal statement is the balance sheet. Its intent is to demo the fiscal place of a concern at a peculiar clip. The 3rd fiscal statement is the hard currency flow statement. It shows a company # 8217 ; s beginnings and utilizations of hard currency during a accounting period. Users of fiscal and external users. Management is the chief internal user. Creditors and invest ors are external users. The balance sheet. The balance sheet shows what a company owns and the beginnings of funding there acquiescences. It besides shows runing activities by portion # 8211 ; holders and by borrowing. It is a # 8220 ; snapshot # 8221 ; of the company # 8217 ; s fiscal place at a specified clip. The balance sheet consists of three major subdivisions acquiescences, liabilities and equity. These subdivisions are arranged otherwise from state to state. The assets of a company are frequently divided into two classs current assets and non # 8211 ; current assets. Current assets include hard currency or the assets that are expected to be realized in hard currency or sold during a normal operating rhythm of a concern. Temporary investments/ histories and notes receivable, stock list prepaid disbursals are besides current assets. Non # 8211 ; current assets include belongings, works and equipment, fixed assets usually stated at net book value. The assets which are expected to stay in the balance sheet more than one twelvemonth autumn into non # 8211 ; current assets class. Liabilitiess are made upon flat pots, collectible long # 8211 ; term notes, bonds collectible, employee pensions, long # 8211 ; term and current duties. They are besides split into current and non # 8211 ; current liabilities. Owner # 8217 ; s equity can be defined as the resources invested by the concern. Owner # 8217 ; s equity is assets minus liabilities. Fiscal accounting. Accounting can be defined an information system. It measures procedures and communicates information that is utile for determination # 8211 ; doing. Fiscal accounting refers to accounting information that is used by direction. This information is besides communicated to those outside the organisation. So fiscal accounting studies provide a general of all time position of the fiscal wellness of a concern. Financial accounting studies seldom include forecast information. They are black ward # 8211 ; looking and concentrate on existent consequences achieved. Fiscal studies normally contain certain basic information of sensible quality. The information is produced in a unvarying manner. A set of patterns has developed to supply guideless for fiscal accounting. The term used to impute them is by and large. These rules encompass the conventions, regulations and processs. The criterions applied for readying of fiscal statements are called the International Accounting Standards or IAS. The IAS Committee develops them. Management accounting. An accountant employed by a concern for internal coverage to the direction is s direction accounting. Management accountings have a wide and intimate position of a company # 8217 ; s operations. Management accounting is concerned with the proviso of economic information. This information is an assistance to managerial determination # 8211 ; doing and command. Thus directors can choose appropriate schemes for incorporation into their programs. Sometimes there is a important devicition between, existent and planned public presentation. As directors dictate the volume and format of the information, fluctuations in direction accounting patterns arise. Despite there fluctuations directors need three sort of accounting information. There are merchandise bing for pricing and stock list rating, cost analyses for operational planning and control and analyses for direction determination # 8211 ; doing. To measure analyses and describing techniques. To make their work decently direction comp trollers should be extremely qualified. Accounting for minutess in foreign currencies. It is natural for concerns to look for new beginnings of supply and new markets in other states. Today transnational or trans national corporations operate throughout the universe. In add-on sophisticated investors don # 8217 ; t curtail their investing activities to the domestic securities market. Most gross revenues or purchases of goods and services in other states involve different currencies. Therefore, one currency needs to be translated into another, utilizing exchange functions. An exchange function is the value of one currency in footings of another. In consequence, the currencies are goods that can be bought and sold. Their monetary values change daily harmonizing to supply and demand for a certain currency. The job with currency interlingual rendition arises because of the rating systems used in conventional fiscal statements. In the UK most companies have used the twelvemonth # 8211 ; stop rate method. Later foreign subordinates became separate entities. In the US a # 8220 ; temporal # 8221 ; method was used. Under this method balances were translated at rates which related to their rating footing. So historical cost assets were translated at historical costs and hard currency was translated at the current rate. However this method led to losingss when the US dollar was depreciated. Still # 8220 ; temporal # 8221 ; and current rate methods have controversial points. Legal base and formal directives for accounting and coverage in Russia. Accounting patterns are regulated thought the edicts of the Ministry of Finance. All accounting commissariats are established by the Ministry of Finance. These commissariats are based on the legal criterions for all organisations on Russia # 8217 ; s district. There commissariats may be accompanied by specific directives published by governmental, sections. This applies to all concerns including joint # 8211 ; stock companies province and private owned endeavors. The present accounting system in the Russian Federation is based on the general chart of histories. Its usage is mandatory for all concerns in the district of Russia apart from specific sectors of economic system such as fiscal establishments. The presently used confab of histories was introduced in 2000. It contains about 100 histories called man-made histories. In bend these histories are broken down in 60 bomber # 8211 ; histories grouped in subdivisions. The directing 4, published by the Ministry of Finance, establish ed new signifiers of the coverage system. Every concern in Russia is obligated to fix quarterly and one-year fiscal statements. Annual fiscal statements have to incorporate balance sheet and net income and loss statement. The one-year fiscal statements must be prepared by 15 Mach of the undermentioned twelvemonth and are capable to scrutiny by hearers. Specific characteristics of accounting in Russia. Accounting patterns in Russia are based on statute rules. But unlike other states, Russia # 8217 ; s accounting system reflects merely payments received and transferred. It besides discloses one-year consequences based on this. A characteristic characteristic of the Russian accounting system is a big figure of balance sheet histories. It besides has an abundant usage of different histories on both sides of the balance sheet. The chief histories represent the corresponding balance sheet points. As a regulation, touchable assets are stated at the original acquisition cost, including cost incidental to acquisition. An one-year stock count, performed in November or December, is required to determine the stock list on manus. Sometimes a balance sheet point is disclosed on some histories. In peculiar, liabilities towards Bankss are disclosed in two histories shout # 8211 ; term liabilities and long # 8211 ; term liabilities. A specific characteristic of Russian accounting is a construct of fund accounting virtually unknown in the West. It is based on the premise that lone money accumulated in a fund may be used. And birthplace of financess must be exactly documented upon their usage. In conformity with the edict of the ministry of finance of the Russian federation concerns may set up some financess. They are a ingestion fund, a accretion fund and a public assistance fund. The usage of computing machines in accounting in Russia. Most accounting work in Russian concern today is done by computing machines. Computers allow concerns to centralise accounting operations and extinguish much of the work that used to be done by manus. Thankss to the development of minicomputers and minicomputers even little organisations can maintain their accounting records in electronic signifier. The term informations processing can intend the manual composing up of histories or the maintaining of histories by a computing machine. If a clerk writes up the entries in the histories, this is manual information # 8211 ; processing. If histories are kept utilizing an accounting machine, this is automatic informations # 8211 ; treating. But the rules regulating such entries remain the same whether manual or computing machine methods are in usage. Automatic information # 8211 ; processing is much quicker and there are fewer mistakes. Therefore big concerns in Russia have systems analysts, coders and computing machine, operators to pla n computing machine accounting system. Small concerns normally purchase commercial accounting systems that are programmed to execute accounting maps. Most of these systems rely on a fluctuation on of batch processing in which a portion of the package performs each major undertaking of the accounting system. Accounting in the hereafter. It is good recognized that accounting has played a important function in the development of human society. Due to the growing of industry the demands for comptrollers has increased. This tendency will go on in the 20 # 8211 ; first century. Such new Fieldss of accounting as societal accounting, revenue enhancement accounting will develop. In the 20 first century the universe will go on to travel towards a individual economic system. As a consequence the uniformity of international accounting criterions may look. Establishing international accounting criterions will salvage corporations clip and money. It will better the comparison of accounting in formations fabricating methods and information processing is developing quickly. Accounting methods will hold to accommodate to the alterations. Another of import tendency is connected with computerising accounting work. So, comptroller of the 20 first century will utilize merely electronic equipment. The comptroller of the hereafter will be involved in system design activities. Accountants will see and analyses the construction and the flow of information.

Free Essays on Life Stages

In Light Of Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages I think, over the period involving the first 12 to 18 months of my life, I was able to resolve the first of Erikson’s psychosocial stages adequately. My mother, during this time, supplied me with appropriate provisions of food, warmth, and the comfort of physical closeness. This allowed me to understand and accept that objects and people exist even when I could not see them. This was a major stepping stone where the foundation for trust became important. In the next period of my life, from about 18 months to 3 years of age, I was able to resolve the second of Erikson’s psychosocial stages adequately. It was around this time that I began to assume important responsibilities for my own self-care like feed myself, using the toilet on my own, and dressing myself. It was during this time also that I began learning many physical skills, including walking and grasping. I learned that I could control my own body and its functions . And that I could make things happen. Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development came between the ages of 3 to 6 years of age. I was continuing to become more assertive and to take more initiative. My mother and my teachers at school encouraged this. I am pretty sure that I was allowed, at least on he weekends (Ha Ha), to choose what I wanted to wear and was allowed to wear whatever I had chosen. In the fourth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development, between 6 and 12 years of age, I was learning to see the relationship between perseverance and the pleasure of a job well done. I was physically and mentally ready to be productive and to do work on my own. I also had many friends at this time and understood what friendship was. I believe that having good friends and peers helped me to be productive and succeed in both school and after school activities. In Erikson’s â€Å"identity vs. role confusion†, stage 5, from 12 to 18 years of age, I was ga ining a sense... Free Essays on Life Stages Free Essays on Life Stages In Light Of Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages I think, over the period involving the first 12 to 18 months of my life, I was able to resolve the first of Erikson’s psychosocial stages adequately. My mother, during this time, supplied me with appropriate provisions of food, warmth, and the comfort of physical closeness. This allowed me to understand and accept that objects and people exist even when I could not see them. This was a major stepping stone where the foundation for trust became important. In the next period of my life, from about 18 months to 3 years of age, I was able to resolve the second of Erikson’s psychosocial stages adequately. It was around this time that I began to assume important responsibilities for my own self-care like feed myself, using the toilet on my own, and dressing myself. It was during this time also that I began learning many physical skills, including walking and grasping. I learned that I could control my own body and its functions . And that I could make things happen. Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development came between the ages of 3 to 6 years of age. I was continuing to become more assertive and to take more initiative. My mother and my teachers at school encouraged this. I am pretty sure that I was allowed, at least on he weekends (Ha Ha), to choose what I wanted to wear and was allowed to wear whatever I had chosen. In the fourth stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development, between 6 and 12 years of age, I was learning to see the relationship between perseverance and the pleasure of a job well done. I was physically and mentally ready to be productive and to do work on my own. I also had many friends at this time and understood what friendship was. I believe that having good friends and peers helped me to be productive and succeed in both school and after school activities. In Erikson’s â€Å"identity vs. role confusion†, stage 5, from 12 to 18 years of age, I was ga ining a sense...

The New Fraternity Culture Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

The New Fraternity Culture Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers The New Fraternity Culture The New Fraternity Culture After drinking from a keg of beer stashed in the basement of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity house at the University of Michigan last December, a group of pledges stripped to their boxer shorts and lined up, ready to endure their next torturous test of brotherhood. As two other fraternity members watched, a pledge educator pointed what he thought was an unloaded BB gun at the pledges various body parts. He was simply trying to scare them. When he approached the seventh student in line, the educator pointed the gun downward, two inches away from the pledges penis, and fired. Unexpectedly, a pellet shot out (Reisberg A59). Fraternities have been in existence for over a century. They were established to nurture pride, leadership, unity, and commitment (Nate 18). Although some fraternities still embrace these values, this does not make up for the dangerous behavior that most fraternities engage in. Alcohol abuse has become far too large of the college social scene and fraternities are its most publicized defendants. Rowdy keg parties have replaced the values and ideals that were once the basis of fraternities, as binge drinking becomes the core of their brotherhood. Each year on campuses throughout this country, binge drinking causes students to suffer academically while risking their health and safety, as well as that of the rest of the campus community. Contrary to the many members firmly entrenched in the fraternity culture, several national fraternities are trying to dispel this image. They have devised programs which emphasize academic development, leadership, and community service, while at the sam e time taking the focus off alcohol and hazing. The first of the Greek-letter societies, Phi Beta Kappa, was founded on December 5, 1776, with the aims of creating a scholastic, inspirational, and fraternal society. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa named friendship, morality, and literature as essential characteristics. Laws provided for a reverent opening and conduct of meetings, encouraged sobriety, and demanded ethical ideals superior to those manifested by a rival society (Voorhes 8-12). The growth of the system was gradual, for it was not until 1825 that Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi, and Delta Phi were established. The decade of the thirties produced another trio of fraternities: Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, and Beta Theta Pi. The period preceding the Civil War witnessed the establishment of most of the remaining general fraternities of present larger extension (Nate 18-38). Oliver Wendell Holmes, a student at Harvard in 1859, captures the immortality of loyal friendships and high ideals in a message to his classmates: Then heres to our boyhood, its gold and its gray! The stars of its winter, the dew of May! And when we have done with our life-lasting toys, Dear Father, take care of Thy children, thy boys. The founding of the fraternities was at the hands of men who set up high life-ideals for themselves and those who would come after them. The more recent years have strengthened the chapters through the development of their national organizations and a more direct alumni co-operation (Nate 60). As fraternity chapters grow stronger, they are slowly losing sight of their fundamental purpose. The values and ideals that once served as the basis of fraternities have been replaced in some chapter houses by excessive drinking and brutal hazing practices. Through the new fraternity culture, binge drinking becomes interwoven into college life. The Federal Substance Abuse Prevention reports that undergraduate students currently spend $4.2 billion a year on booze far more than they spend on their textbooks. An advertisement being run in college newspapers by VivaSmart, an online textbook seller, actually features the headline, More on Beer, Less on Books, accompanied by an explanatory text that begins, We know you have better things to do than blow your money textbooks (Miller 1). This message promotes and legitimizes a college drinking culture that according to the Surgeon General Antonia Novella is spinning out of control (Elson 64). In a survey of students at 140 colleges by resear chers at the Harvard University School of Public Health, forty-four percent of students reported binge drinking, which the study defined for men as consuming five or more drinks in a row within the previous two weeks, and for

The Important Key Principles for Developing Reading Skills Essay - 1

The Important Key Principles for Developing Reading Skills - Essay Example A number of methods and techniques that demonstrate the implementation of these theoretical perspectives in the classroom are also articulated, including methods for specific class environments. Contemporary research into foreign language reading instruction notes that teaching models are greatly varied. Teaching models in first language reading have served foundationally as models in teaching second-language reading. Stahl and Hayes (1997) have discussed the ways that academic models influence and help shape approaches that teacher’s adept in the classroom. The types of models also change with practitioners’ age and experience.The main concern is that the difference between first language reading teaching and second language reading teaching is that the students have already developed first language reading skills that are influencing the second-language reading process. The different orthographies of the first-language also affect the second-language reading ability a nd researchers argue that this must be taken into consideration when developing lesson plans. Second language reading theory dates back to the inception of psychology as a formal discipline with cognitive theorists such as William Wundt. This research focused mainly on investigating perceptual issues. Beginning in the 1880s researchers fore-grounded the foundations of what came to represent the predominant focus of studies for the next century. In 1908 Huey published Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading which shifted focus in a more behaviorist slant until the 1960s. With Syntactic Structures and further attacks on behaviorist processes, academic attention shifted back to perceptual issues, with researchers investigating reading speed and eye focus. Notably, it was around this time that reading comprehension became a major issue for teachers. Today there are a number of key principles that are crucial to teaching reading in the foreign language classroom.  

Case Brief Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Brief Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, the defendant had dozed off several times before they stopped for drinks and food. The case was first heard by the District court and upon the outcome of this court the plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeal. The law provides that an operator of a motor vehicle is guilty of ordinary negligence if he permits himself to fall asleep while driving. An individual is also guilty if he continues to drive without taking reasonable precautions against sleeping after symptoms of drowsiness or fatigue. The lower court found that the defendant was not liable for negligence because he did not have any warning that he was going to fall asleep while on the wheel. However, upon appeal, the appellate court found that the lower court had erred in applying the law to the evidence. The lower court found that although the defendant had been drinking, there was no evidence that he was unable to control the Jeep. The court observed that dozing as a passenger does not mean an individual will be unable to control a car when charged with the responsibility. The court was convinced that the defendant had acted in the same manner an ordinary man of average prudence would have acted. The appellate court, however, noted that there was ample warning to the defendant that he might fall asleep. The court observed that the defendant was drowsy before taking the wheel and did not take any precaution to arouse himself before taking the wheel. Accordingly, the court noted that the occurrence could not be unexpected in the absence of a precaution to prevent it. In a civil lawsuit the parents would sue the driver of the school bus and Ridgeview elementary school. The legal basis for suing the driver of the bus would be negligence. The legal basis for suing the school, on the other hand, would be because as an employer they are vicariously liable for the acts of its employee in the course of employment. Such a lawsuit can be brought in a Federal court

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay Example for Free

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay The colonization of India and the immense transfer of wealth that moved from the latter to Britain were vital to the success of the British Empire. In fact, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 called India â€Å"the pivot of our Empire †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I examine the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the subcontinent. Besides highlighting the fact that without cheap labor and raw materials from India, the modernization of Britain during this era would have been highly unlikely, I will show how colonial policy led to the privation and death of millions of natives. I conclude that while India undoubtedly benefited from British colonial rule, the negatives for the subject population far outweighed the positives. . Colonialism, by definition, is exploitative and oppressive, with the rulers enriching themselves at the expense of those they rule. Generally speaking, colonizers dominate a territory’s resources, labor force, and markets; oftentimes, they impose structures cultural, religious and/or linguistic to maintain control over the indigenous population. The effects of the expansion of European empires, which began in the 15th century, on the colonized can still be felt today. Some historians, for example, argue that colonialism is one of the leading causes in income inequality among countries in present times. They cite patterns of European settlement as determinative forces in the type of institutions developed in colonized countries, considering them major factors in economic backwardness. Economist Luis Angeles has argued that the higher the percentage of Europeans settling in a colony at its peak, the greater the inequality in that country so long as the settlers remained a minority, suggesting that the colonizers drained those lands of essential resources while reaping most, if not all, of the profits. In terms of per capita GDP in 1995, the 20 poorest countries were all former colonies, which would seem to bolster Angeles’ contention. There are, however, competing views on how much underdevelopment in today’s poorest countries is a byproduct of colonial rule and how much of it is influenced by factors such as a country’s lack of natural resources or area characteristics. For poet, activist and politician Aime Cesaire, the verdict was in: Colonizers were â€Å"the decisive actors †¦ the adventurer and the pirate, the wholesale grocer and the ship owner, the gold digger and the merchant, appetite and force, and behind them, the baleful projected shadow of a form of civilization which, at a certain point in its history, finds itself obliged, for internal reasons, to extend to a world scale the competition of its antagonistic economies. This is not to suggest that Western European nations were the first and only countries to pursue imperialistic policies or that nothing good came out of colonial policies for the subject population. Dinesh D’Souza, while arguing that colonialism has left many positive as well as negative legacies, has stressed that there is nothing uniquely Western about colonialism, writing: â€Å"Those who identify colonialism and empire only with the West either have no sense of history or have forgotten about the Egyptian empire, the Persian empire, the Macedonian empire, the Islamic empire, the Mongol empire, the Chinese empire, and the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas. † For this paper’s purposes, however, I will focus on the British Empire, its colonizing efforts in India (1757-1947), and the effects British policy had on that subject population. A couple of caveats before examining the British-Indian relationship: experiences differed from colony to colony during this period of European imperialism; India was unique in the colonial experience because of its size and history. It also should be noted that India was rather unique among colonized lands during this era for at least two reasons. First, South Asia was â€Å"already a major player in world commerce and possessed a well-developed trading and financial world† by the time Europeans arrived. Indigenous administrative structures already existed for taxation purposes, while commerce within the country and throughout the continent offered prospects of giant profits. Second, British India, which included today’s India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was a region so large that there were areas in which Britain exercised direct control over the subject population and others where it exerted indirect control. It is exceedingly difficult, therefore, to extrapolate from one experience to another. Although it is impossible to determine how India would have developed had England never established a dominating presence there, I find the results of British colonialism to have been a mixed bag for India: the negatives, however, far outweighed the positives. Liberal and democratic aspects of British colonialism in India played a significant role in leading to a democratic South Asia following Indian independence in 1947. Yet, the British first through the East India Company and then through direct government control held almost all of the political and economic power in India during the Empire’s expansion and apogee, guaranteeing the Indian economy could not evolve and/or function independent of the ruling power’s control; ensuring raw materials extracted from Indian soil would go towards British manufacturing industries mostly without profiting the vast majority of Indians; and leading to lives of privation for millions of indigenous subjects. Although there have been arguments made that, in political and economic terms, south Asia was backwards until the arrival of Europeans, recent research has debunked that myth, showing the region to have possessed healthy trading and financial structures prior to the Europeans’ arrival. British Colonial Strategy in the Subcontinent Imperial powers followed two basic strategies when colonizing. They either allowed a large number of Europeans to settle overseas (known as Settler Colonies) or sent a much smaller number – usually less than 1 percent of the population to serve as administrators and tax collectors (known as Peasant Colonies). Britain followed the latter strategy in regards to India. The percentage of English people in India in 1913, for example, was only 0. 1 percent of the country’s population; by comparison, they accounted for over one-fifth (21. 4 percent) of the population in South Africa and Losetho during the same period. As previously mentioned, Britain exerted both direct and indirect control over the Indian subcontinent. Areas of indirect control are called â€Å"native states. These were controlled by Indian rulers who wielded considerable power over the internal administration of the land, while the British exercised complete control over the area’s defense and foreign policies. When looking at this two-pronged approach Britain took in establishing an Indian colony, the economist Lakshmi Iyer has argued that there is a differential long-term effect on areas the Empire controlled directly compared to areas in which it basically outsourced control. Rather than expropriating Indian land, which was negligible, the English taxed Indian land, producing considerable revenues and inducing the indigenous population to shift from traditional to commercial products (e. g. tea). Areas that were directly under British control today have significantly lower levels of public goods relative to areas that were not under direct colonial rule. In 1961, for example, districts (administrative divisions below state level) that had been under direct control of the British Empire had lower levels of primary and middle schools, as well as medical dispensaries. Present-day differences between directly and indirectly controlled areas, Iyer argues, are most likely the result of differences in internal administration during the colonial period because once the British left in 1947, all the native states were integrated into independent India and have since been subject to a uniform administrative, legal and political structure. The Company and the Crown By the middle of the 18th century, there were five major European colonial powers the Dutch Republic, France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain. From about 1850 on, however, Britain’s overseas empire would be unrivaled; by 1901, the empire would encompass 11. 2 million square miles and rule about 400 million people. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, India was Britain’s largest and economically most important colony, an â€Å"empire within an empire. † It should be noted that although this period coincided with the birth of the Industrial Revolution historians and economists have cast doubt on whether industrialization was the sine qua non for British imperialism. They have noted that England’s first major advance into the Indian subcontinent began in Bengal in the middle of the 18th century, long before large-scale mechanization turned Britain into the â€Å"workshop of the world. † Historian P. J. Marshall, in studying early British imperialism, has written: â€Å"As a blanket term the Industrial Revolution explains relatively little about British expansion in general at the end of the eighteenth century. † While Marshall and others may be correct in asserting the British would have pursued empire even without the Industrial Revolution, its advent impacted colonial policy in that it required expanded markets and a steady supply of raw materials to feed the country’s manufacturing industries. Cotton, for example, was one of the driving forces behind the evolution of Britain’s modern economy. British traders purchased raw cotton fibers from plantations, processed it into cotton cloth in Lancashire mills, and then exported them to the colonial markets including India. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, India had been the world’s main producer of cotton textiles, with a substantial export trade. By the early nineteenth century, however, Britain had taken over dominating the world market for cotton textiles based on technology that lowered production costs . â€Å"This dramatic change in international competitive advantage during the Industrial Revolution was surely one of the key episodes in the Great Divergence of living standards between Europe and Asia. † Britain’s 200-year run ruling India began in the mid-17th century when the British East India Company set up trading posts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. In 1757, Robert Clive led Company-financed troops – led by British officers and staffed by native soldiers known as sepoys in a victory over French-backed Indian forces. The victory at the Battle of Plassey made the East India Company the leading power in the country. It would dominate India for just over 100 years, the area it controlled growing over that time to encompass modern Bangladesh, a majority of southern India and most of the territory along the Ganges River in the north of the country. The East India Company’s control of Bengal alone yielded taxes of nearly  £3 million; by 1818, its territorial revenues in India stood at  £22 million, allowing it to finance one of the world’s largest standing armies. This established British rule well before the Industrial Revolution could have played any major role in Britain expanding its overseas empire, strengthening historians’ – Marshall, et al. – arguments regarding the significance, or lack thereof, of the role mechanization in England had in the country’s expansionist efforts. The fact remains, however, that Britain in the 19th century would become the world’s leading industrial power and India a major source of raw materials for its industry. What’s more, the subcontinent’s population of 300 million would constitute a huge source of revenue and a gigantic market for British-made goods. Although, the English expanded gradually in India during those first 100 years of colonization, once the British government gained control of the country’s administration following the Indian War of Independence in 1857, India was virtually incorporated into the British Empire and became its â€Å"crown jewel. † During the life of the Britain Empire, India was its most profitable colony. Examples of huge returns on British investments in India based on surviving business records are plentiful. To give two examples: Binny and Co. , which was founded in 1799 with 50,000 rupees in capital, returned profits of 140,000 rupees only 12 years later; and William Mackinnon’s Indian General Steam and Navigation Co. , which began trading in 1847 and whose assets five years later were valued at more than nine times the original capital of 72,000 rupees. The 1852 prospectus of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China stated that â€Å"bearing in mind the very high rate of interest which prevails in the East and the very lucrative nature of the Exchange Business †¦ a very large Annual Dividend may be looked for with certainty. British investment in India increased enormously over the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. According to economist James Foreman-Peck, by the end of 1911, 373 stock companies were estimated to be carrying on business exclusively or almost exclusively in India, yet were registered elsewhere, with the average size of those companies (railways accounted for nearly half of the capital, and tea plantations about one-fifth) dwarfing the far more numerous – 2,463 Indian-registered companies. The discrepancies between the two are stark. The companies registered outside India had paid-up capital of â‚ ¤77.979 million and debentures of â‚ ¤45.353 million compared to â‚ ¤46.251 million and â‚ ¤6 million, respectively, for Indian-registered companies. According to Foreman-Peck, â€Å"The magnitude of foreign investment and the rate of return on it, broadly defined, have been seen as a means by which empire imposed burdens on colonies and boosted the imperial nation’s economy. † This was not an idea that could only be gleaned in hindsight. Writing at the end of the 19th century, historian Brooks Adams wrote the following: Probably since the world began no investment has yielded the profit reaped from the Indian plunder. The amount of treasure wrung from the conquered people and transferred from India to English banks between Plassey and Waterloo (fifty-seven years) has been variously estimated at from $2,500,000,000 to $5,000,000,000. The methods of plunder and embezzlement by which every Briton in India enriched himself during the earlier history of the East India Company gradually passed away, but the drain did not pass away. The difference between the earlier day and the present is that Indias tribute to England is obtained by indirect methods under forms of law. It was estimated by Mr.  Hyndman some years ago that at least $175,000,000 is drained away every year from India without a cents return. Plunder and Famine At the time Britain established its colony on the subcontinent, the Indian economy was based predominantly on agriculture. Iyer has shown that since the Indian economy was so dependent on farming, British annexation policy focused on acquiring land with the most agricultural potential, guaranteeing that land taxation would be the East India Company’s/British government’s biggest source of income throughout the colonial period. In 1765-66, the East India Company had collected â€Å"the equivalent of  £1,470,000; and by 1790-1791, this figure had risen to  £2,680,000. † To ensure the land-revenue system, known as â€Å"tax farming,† would continue to supply money to the East India Company’s treasury, the Company introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793, an agreement between it and absentee landlords, known as zaminders. Through this policy, peasants who worked the land became the tenants of the zaminders, who, for themselves and the tax collectors, extracted as much as possible from those who cultivated the land. This settlement created a class of Indian landowners loyal to the English and a division in the rural society between the tenants and landlords, which last well into the 20th century. Indian climate is characterized by the monsoon, which generally includes nine months of dry weather followed by three months of rains known as the monsoon. At least once in a decade, the monsoon fails to arrive and a drought occurs. Indians for centuries had set aside a portion of crops to ensure there would be adequate food in times of drought. This practice was so successful that between the 11th and 18th centuries, India experienced only 14 major famines; yet, from 1765-1858, when it was under East India Company control, India suffered through 16 major famines, followed by an average of one famine every two years under British Colonial Office rule from 1859-1914. Under British rule during the 18th century, over 25 million Indians died of famine between: 1 million between 1800 and 1825, 4 million between 1825 and 1850, 5 million between 1850 and 1875, and 15 million between 1875 and 1900 ; more than 30 million deaths occurred from famine between 1870 and1910. Why did tens of millions die from starvation under the East India Company and the British Raj? Why, comparatively speaking, did so many famines occur under Britain’s watch? Historian Laxman D. Satya argues the famines were price-induced and that timely government intervention could have prevented millions of deaths from starvation. State intervention was minimal, however; Lord Curzon acknowledged once that a famine in Indian excited no more attention in Britain than a squall on the Serpentine. Like other European imperialists in the late 18th century, Britain – first through the East India Company – followed a laissez-faire doctrine whereby government interference in the economy was anathema; in addition, famine later was seen as a natural way to control overpopulation. According to Satya, â€Å"†¦ any act that would influence the prices of grains such as charity was to be either strictly monitored or discouraged. Even in the face of acute distress, relief had to be punitive and conditional. † The powers that be also began using famine labor to build an infrastructure – railways, roads – ensuring that revenues would continue to increase, expenditures would be kept low; worst of all, the new infrastructure allowed for the exportation of grain that could have fed the starving. Studies have shown that even in years of official famine – Britain only recognized three periods of famine there was never a shortage of food grains. The problem was that with prices for grains so high and wages stagnant, most people could not afford to buy them. As an example, during the Indian Famine of 1887-88, nearly 44 percent of total exports from Berar, one of the hardest hit provinces, were food grains. Between 1874 and 1903 the province exported an average over 40 tons of grain, and Satya has shown that this could have amounted for nearly 30. pounds of food per person. Historian and social commentator Mike Davis has cited even evidence that grains were exported to Europe for speculative trading while millions were dying of starvation. Since the primary concern for the government was maximizing returns on investments, it didn’t prioritize famine relief, considering those expenditures wasteful; therefore, relief camps were â€Å"deliberately kept in remote locations and beyond the reach of the physically weakened population. What’s more, people seeking relief were required to work on colonial projects as a condition for receiving food – as little as 16-22 ounces of food for a minimum of nine-10 hours of often grueling labor Fearing that Indian nationalists would take to the newspapers – in general, the government had a comparatively lax policy toward the press the Raj implemented tight press control through various laws including the Newspaper Act of 1908 and the Indian Press Act of 1910. It’s important to note that despite these and other attempts at press censorship, a large number of vernacular newspapers were published throughout the country and played an integral role in creating a nationalist/political consciousness in India.

Teens and Sex - Sex and Disease :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Sex and Disease    Since the beginning of the semester we've been working in groups in order to complete a mid term report, based on our picked topic. I'm part of the group Sex in the New Millennium. We as a group focused our attention on three main categories, sexuality, and sexual preferences, Pregnancies and abortions, and finally sexually transmitted diseases.    Sex is the key ingredient that most companies and advertising agencies are using to sell their products. And as a result we the viewers (being what ever age we may be) are the true victims. You turn on the television and the first thing you see is someone or something being sexually exploited. Daytime TV and talk shows are long time abusers of this. As a result more and more people are practicing sex all over the country and the world. And coeincidentliy the ages of these participants are getting younger and younger. STDs are the at a all time high.    What are STDs ? STDs are sexually transmitted diseases, formerly called venereal diseases (VD), which are transmitted by direct sexual contact. Some are considered among the most serious diseases of the world . Any person who is sexually active or is thinking about having sexual activity should be familiar with the symptoms, prevention , and treatment of these diseases. Most forms of STDs may be treated and cured in the early stages, but putting off treatment can be dangerous.    The germs that cause sexually transmitted diseases can survive only for a few seconds in the air, so the diseases are transmitted only by direct body contact. Like most other diseases we do not know where or when sexually transmitted diseases started. To add to the list of STDs there is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which may lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).    In North and South America combined, there are estimates that up to 2 million people are currently infected with the HIV virus. The World Health Organization estimates that 8-10 million adults and 1 million children worldwide are infected with the AIDS virus. By the year 2000, 40 million people may be infected with the virus . More than 90% of these persons will likely reside in the developing countries. Based on 1989 data, AIDS is the number four cause of death in males ages 15-54.

Labor Rate

Labor rate variance is the difference between the actual labor rate and the applied overhead rate (standard rate multiplied by the number of actual hours worked). Consider this and respond to the following: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Our workers are all under labor contracts. Therefore, our labor rate variance is bound to be zero. † Do you agree or disagree that the labor rate variance will be zero if all workers are under labor contracts? Explain giving reasons. The concept of labor rate variance and its application are accurately identified and explained with pertinent examples. The labor rate variance is the difference between the actual labor rate paid and the standard rate, multiplied by the number of actual hours worked. The formula is: Actual rate – Standard rate x Actual hours worked = Labor rate variance. An unfavorable variance means that the cost of labor was more expensive than anticipated, while a favorable variance indicates that the cost of labor was less expensive than planned. There are a number of possible causes of a labor rate variance. The labor rate variance will not be zero because workers ate under contract. Wage rates paid to workers are quite predictable. Nevertheless, rate variances can arise because of the way labor is used. Skilled workers with high hourly rates of pay may be given duties that require little skill and call for lower hourly rates of pay. This will result in an unfavorable labor rate variance, since the actual hourly rate of pay will exceed the standard rate specified for the particular task. In contrast, a favorable rate variance would result when workers who are paid at a rate lower than specified in the standard are assigned to the task. However, the lower-paid workers may not be as efficient. Finally, overtime work at premium rates will result in an unfavorable rate variance if the overtime premium is charged to the direct labor account. Direct labor variance is the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost of production. Considering this, answer the questions that follow: †¢What effect, if any, would you expect poor quality materials to have on direct labor variances? If poor quality materials create production problems, a result could be excessive labor time and therefore an unfavorable labor efficiency variance. Poor quality materials would not ordinarily affect the labor rate variance †¢How must a company plan to mitigate the risks associated with direct labor variances? The standard labor rate established by a company is an average, usually pertaining to average quality workers. Newly hired workers will likely get paid less which creates a favorable labor rate variance. They will also work more slowly than more experienced workers creating an unfavorable labor efficiency variance. The opposite is true if a company employs highly skilled workers The production supervisor hires production workers and assigns each a wage rate. He is able to give them raises and terminate them if necessary. For this reason, if a labor rate exists, we inquire with the production supervisor to try to determine the variance cause. The production supervisor oversees the production workers and monitors the efficiency with which each of these workers works. For this reason, if a labor efficiency exists, we inquire with the production supervisor to try to determine the variance cause

How is religion a human response in the search for meaning? Essay

Every culture has some kind of religion, and all faiths answer the question â€Å"What is the meaning of life?† Humanity’s search for an answer to this question is one of the main reasons that people are drawn to religion. The answers, although different from religion to religion, give people’s lives purpose, meaning, and hope. Religion is found in all ages and all cultures. Its principles and values have given motivation and guidance to every human society. The function of religion in a society is often to explain to people their primal origins, the nature of life, the function and aims of life and reasons for living. Religion is just one of many answers to the questions that most human beings spend their lives searching for. Maybe that’s why so many strongly religious people are so at peace with themselves and with the world. Everyone’s looking for meaning in life, from all kinds of different sources. It’s human nature to want connection, a sense of belonging to something greater than ourselves, and a sense of community. This is derived from the human characteristic of curiosity. We want connection to our pasts and our heritage. We want answers to the big questions: Where do we come from? What’s the meaning of life? Why do good people suffer? Why is evil often rewarded? Religion provides solutions to many of these questions, to those who believe, but it also provides many new questions. Religion is a human response to the search for meaning for some people, but ultimately all are looking for the answers. Whether their path is through religion, obsessive meditation, staring at crystals, running 47 kilometers a day or talking to walls, everyone has to come to their answers on their own terms. Some people use religion for this purpose. When trying to find answers to life’s mysteries, religious impulse begins. When the mystery is understood, you come to understand the religious life as more as a quest than a destination. Steve Tyler of Aerosmith once sang â€Å"Life’s a journey, not a destination†. Maybe life is a journey of the search for meaning, its not something that your trying to accomplish, more something that you work through and once you’ve reached it then its over, which seems so much more purposeful than simply spending each day killing time. The study of philosophy seeks to develop intellectual abilities important for life as a whole. Properly pursued, philosophy enhances analytical, critical and interpretive capacities that may be applied to any academic field. In a world where religion often plays a central role in political, social and even economic events, there is a vital need for an ongoing critical analysis, reflection and understanding of religious traditions, issues and ideas. Taken together, philosophy and religious studies develops how to critically examine, analyze and appreciate these traditions and ideas. Proverbs 4:7 says â€Å"Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom: and with all thy getting get understanding.† To me this seems to state that to understand something, one must have knowledge and astuteness of the subject. Therefore maybe the philosophy of religion is the path to realisation†¦ Religion is a source of meaning because it provides a way of addressing such diverse foundational questions as those raised by the facts of life and death or the very existence of the universe. Even more importantly, in terms of the meaning of everyday life, all religions provide a value structure within which the quality of human life or human progress can be measured. Religion acknowledges the validity of the quest for human happiness and all religions claim to be able to offer a map that traces the path by which happiness can be attained. All religions provide a sense of personal identity within which human life  can be structured. They also provide a social context that allows us to understand ourselves as part of a community with rights and responsibilities to that community and ways of relating to other communities. Obviously it is possible to find alternative ways of shaping one’s personal and social identity. However, history suggests that there are few ways that can match religion in catering for this key requirement in the search for meaning.

Smartphone activity Essay Example

Smartphone activity Essay Example Smartphone activity Essay Smartphone activity Essay Activities I once saw a person trying to talk, text, check social media, and watch a video at the same time. When I asked, why are you doing all of those activities at once? They answered because they could and It would save time. New smoothness are able to carry out many more tasks at once, so It becomes a self challenge to see how many thing can you do at once. There is a variety of activities you can do with smartened. Some of these activities can be useful and productive, but some can be just time consuming. After talking with Delta College students I think I see a common pattern to what they do on their phones. Its similar I mean to say. Even people who are different from one another will be doing the same activities on their phone. This is a result of networks and media promoting and using their influence to make people want to use their application or product. Beginning with social media, it is one of the most time consuming and well know activities today. Social media itself can be classified as different applications Like Faceable, Twitter, and Mainstream. Everyone with a phone has at least one If not all of these on their phones. And I asked one of the people I talked with, Why do you have this on your phones Janice said that she really didnt know why, but It was Just the thing to have and everyone is doing it. That reminded me of something annoying that parents would say. But that is a common response. When something is popular, it draws people in. That goes for most of the trends that have become popular throughout the years. And it is no doubt that a new media is going to come and become the new thing that everyones on. Testing is the other activity that takes a lot of time away from the day, but is doesnt seem like it does. For example, my friend Jose whenever we hang out and he has his phone I ask, What are you doing? He replies, Someone Just tested me. Tested! Now there is a word that probably wasnt used 10 years ago. And testing is the new method of communication instead of actually talking to someone. This Is for sure people have almost forgotten what a call Is, and Its now weird to call someone. And really I dont remember when testing became popular. It just seems like it always was. However, testing has created a real problem, which is the pedestrian. So many of the students at Delta will walk around testing as they walk which causes people to walk into each other or really sometimes hurt themselves. And for people who dont text and walk it becomes our Job to dodge the oncoming pedestrians. Why text and walk? Just sit down finish testing and then go to where you need to go, but its different now. People are always in rush. It is always, l dont have time for that or Im running late. People are saying these things more and more often now. Next gaming on phones, another thing that Just recently became famous. It was always there even on older phones, but as the smartened came and began to advance, games became popular. Now every phone has a gaming app on It, and you can buy more on the App Store. Some are even free. This Is Like what my friend Andrea says, its free to get you addicted. Then youll end up buying it next. This is Crush Saga. Its hard to imagine what will come next. Its amazing how popular things get with Just word of mouth. Like Just a year ago, Floppy Bird was a very simple and fisticuff game. People talked about how hard it was, this Just brought people to play it to find out what it was all about. Many games have become popular from Just word of mouth and no advertising. Because of popularity and people playing it, it becomes all the more attractive to people with phones. Next is Music and video on your phone. It used to be that music was either downloaded on your phone or you would search and then listen to it. Also with videos, they were either downloaded or searched, but now its different. There has come an application revolution. Any of your needs can be met by a specific app. Youth is an Internet website turned app and now one of the most popular entertainment providers ever. One of the reasons is its free and many people have joined in, so there is a wide variety of videos to watch and music to listen to. Recently though, Youth has turned all video because of Pandora, Spottily, and other APS like it, which are all music oriented. Another craze that was started by Youth was the random funny video, which later was copied by other APS like Vine. It is astounding hat when something is popular how many people copy it all for the sake of a little fame. I think watching randomly would get boring, but what I call boring my friend Andrea calls the reason for life. And like him other people I know will go on to see only one thing in particularly but will end up doing and watching many other things for hours. All of these activities make up the time students spend on their phones. And when I say activities, there are quite a few, and I only wrote about some popular APS and games. There are a ton of other types of APS and other things that make up the activities on peoples phones. The time spent on an electronic device like a phone or a computer has increased, and I believe will keep increasing as technology advances. Whether that is a good thing or a bad thing is for you to decide, but its hard to be unbiased. We all have our own biases and prejudices, our own likes and dislikes, but I have yet to meet someone who has a smartened and doesnt want it, like it, or use it. Why this is? That is a good question and only can be answered by a person who likes their phone but knows it very time consuming and a little bit unnecessary.