Statistics Exercise

1.The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement? d.Experimental2.What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the control group? The mean posttest empowerment score was 97.12 3.Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected finding? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean baseline depression score of the experimental group is 14.00. The mean posttest depression score of the experimental group is 13.36.The posttest score is 0.64 lower than the baseline score. This is an expected finding because after the completion of the empowerment program the experimental group’s depression showed improvement. 4.Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the research results? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean baseline depression score of the control group is 10.40 The mean pos ttest depression score of the control group is 10.40. The scores show no change in the control groups score. It does show a change in the empowerments score which shows a decrease in the depression scores for the experimental group.5. Which group's test scores had the least amount of variability or dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. The control groups test scores 10.40 both at baseline and posttest showed the least amount of variability or dispersion.6.Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy variable demonstrate the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. I think the self care efficacy group showed the greatest amount of dispersion. The total groups post test score is 1.78 lower than the baseline score. The empowerment variable total groups posttest is only .11 lower than the baseline group. 7.The mean ( ) is a measure of central tendency of a distribution while the SD is a measure of dispersion of its scores. Both and SD are descriptive statistics.8. What was the mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores?Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects was 6.74. The dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity score was 2.97. The severity scores did not vary much between the control and the experimental groups. This is important as the groups were no differences in clinical and demographic characteristics.9. Which variable was least affected by the empowerment program? Provide a rationale for your answer. The mean depression score showed the least amount of change when compared to their baseline values. Only 0.66 points for depression compared to 6.44 points for self care/self efficacy and 6.64 for empowerment. The mean score for the depressi on scale was lower than for the empowerment and self-care self-efficacy scales.10.Was it important for the researchers to include the total means and SDs for the study variables in Table 2 to promote the readers’ understanding of the study results? Provide a rationale for your answer. No, it is not necessary for the reader to have the total means and the SD’s for the study variables in the table to understand the study results. One can understand the results showing only the total means.

Nursing: Homosexuality and United States

And the Band Played On University of Central Florida Question #1 Based on what you observed in the film or read in the book; clearly articulate and delineate at least three of the sociopolitical factors that influenced public health policy development for HIV/AIDs prevention and control in the United States. Then discuss separately each of the three sociopolitical factors each factor and discussion is equal to three points each. The three sociopolitical factors that influenced public health policy development for HIV/Aids prevention and control in the United States were identifying early possible ways of spreading the disease, how it affected our blood supply and that to acknowledge the social implications that it could be everyman’s disease. Initially, in the movie there were signs of the disease but they were not sure even what it was. People were dying from a type of pneumonia that was not common; one man had Toxoplasmosis which is a cat’s disease. Other patients had a low or no T-cell count. As the movie progressed they found a connection with â€Å"Patient Zero† and this concept that they called the GRID which stood for Gay Related Immune Deficiency and this term was coined by Bill Kraus who was speaking on behalf of the gay rights in Washington, D. C. in 1980. In the connection with patient zero it is ultimately discovered that there was a flight attendant who was gay who had sexual intercourse with many men who then had sex with others and the doctor’s were able to make the connection with this information. They were able to trace back to the flight attendant who was patient zero and who he slept with and who all of those people had slept with, so on and so forth. The flight attendant had given him names and they were able to talk to several men who gave names of other men that they had sex with. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). The second factor that helped to form public policy and help with control and prevention was regarding our blood supply. It was discovered that there was an older man who was a hemophiliac who had received many blood transfusions at the University of Colorado Medical Center. There was also a woman who was an IV drug user who had contracted AIDS. This helped to dispel the myth that it was only a gay disease, but was transported through the blood; therefore our blood supply was at risk. The CDC in Atlanta met in 1983 and motioned to change the name from GRID to AIDS which was Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. However, because of expense the blood banks refused to change testing procedures. Eventually, the blood banks finally agree to test but many people were affected with AIDS virus before that finally took place. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). One of the big factors early on is that no one wanted to be associated with AIDS due to the fact that it was considered a homosexual man’s disease. There was a lot of fear, denial and anger surrounding this disease. In 1981at the CDC Dr. Guinan asks that a report about an epidemic with gay men had broken out and he wanted it published in the medical journal. The fear of the word â€Å"homosexual† was marked off and not used for that article. It took a long time for the realization that this disease could affect everyone from homosexual males, IV drug users, blood transfusion patients, women and even babies. Even though it was initially considered the disease came from gay men and their sexual practices it crossed all borders as time went on. Still today there is some prejudice regarding AIDS. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). Question #2 How were early victims and contacts identified and located? One example was from a gay flight attendant who had by his own admission had at least 250 partners and that was a conservative number of partners, when he was a patient at NYU Medical Center. Later, the doctors make the connection and tracked him down to ask for names of other men he had slept with. He gave Dr. Darrow 73 names which at least was a beginning for them to contact other men and from there they could get them names of men or women that they too had slept with. The doctors began to see a common thread of patients who had low T cell counts, rare pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma and other signs/symptoms that they were looking at and trying to make the connection with what this disease entailed as they were sharing information with each other of their findings. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). Question #3 Describe how the events in the film compare with the steps in the epidemiological process described in Maurer and Smith. There are three types of epidemiological studies that include descriptive, experimental and analytic. (Maurer & Smith, 2009). I think that the descriptive would be the closest to the film. The reason is that the movie talks about those who are affected and different scenarios. One such scenario would be Dr. Francis when he was seeing a woman on her death bed, and she spits blood on his hand and he is scared. He was a key player in that he saw some symptoms and tried to go back and put together pieces of the puzzle of what that meant with other findings, different populations, ages, sex, blood etc. What was difficult were how many hurdles the medical community had to try and overcome. There was little funding, discriminatory attitudes and a basic belief it did not belong in their back yard. The government was inefficient and slow and much of the red tape left many to suffer and die. They believed that it was a lifestyle choice and that their punishment was just. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). The people who were most affected early on were homosexual men. It did seem to be more prominent in San Francisco where there was a high population of gay men. The first case was in Copenhagen in 1977, various countries and finally the United States. This disease affected everyone from gay, straight, IV drug users, babies and hemophiliacs. (Spelling, Vincent & Spottiswoode, 1993). It is worthy to note that the homosexual men were engaging in very risky behaviors such as in the bathhouses they were with multiple partners and also engaged in the use of poppers. Gay men also engaged in sex often without protection and even when they tested positive they would still engage in risky behaviors. Kalichman SC; Cain D; Simbayi LC, (2010). What was your overall reaction after viewing this film/reading this book with respect to the impact on the health care system in the United States? I had never seen the film before so I found it very interesting. Knowing what I know now I look at that film in disbelief that we had to go through all of those hurdles and how many lives were lost. It was a failure to act from the CDC, blood banks, government; the doctor’s fighting with their egos for credit and even those fighting with each other and the politicians who don’t want their careers ruined. I don’t remember it affecting me much because I am a straight, heterosexual female, but I do remember thinking how scared I was when it first came out. It does not mean however, that I am safe because I am female. I do know that. The money that it cost in the aftermath of inefficiency is probably numbers I can’t imagine. I applaud Dr. Francis in standing up for what he believed was right in the face of his colleagues who fought him the whole way. It must have been a lonely path for him but I believe when you are passionate about something that is when you will prevail, and he did. I hope that history doesn’t repeat itself and that as humans we can learn from our errors. One impact that I can have as a nurse is to dispel myths and teach the facts about having HIV and living with it. There are still many misconceptions surrounding HIV and since we are in a position to educate, it is our duty to do so. Ojebuyi B. (2009). References Kalichman, S. , Cain, D. , & Simbayi, L. (2010). Behavioral changes associated with testing HIV-positive among sexually transmitted infection clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 714-719. oi:10. 2105/AJPH. 2009. 162602. Maurer, F. A. , Smith, C. M. (2009). Community/public health nursing practice: health for families and populations. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elselvier Ojebuyi, B. (2009). Increasing people's knowledge about HIV/AIDS: an investigation into the effectiveness of reading as a communication strategy. Journal of Health Management, 11(3), 473-488. Retrieved from CINAHL Pl us with Full Text database Spelling, A. , Vincent, E. D. , (Producers). & Spottiswoode, R. (Director), (1993), And the band played on [Motion picture]. United States: Home Box Office.

Eras of Policing

There are three specific periods of policing that the 19th and 20th centuries embraced: political era, reform era, and community era. During the political era (1840s-1930s) the functions of law enforcement were controlled by the local politicians. This era was characterized by five points–authority was coming only from politicians and the law, it was a very broad social service function, the organizational design was decentralized, law enforcement had a very intimate relationship with the community, and there was an increased usage of foot patrol.Authority from politicians posed a problem during this time. Since most of the power was given to politicians the selection of good law enforcement was not a priority. During this era law enforcement wore no type of uniform which made it difficult for citizens to recognize an officer when one was needed. The reform era (1930s-1980s) was the second era in law enforcement. The characteristics of this era recognized the authority coming from the law and professionalism.Crime control became the primary function which made for a more centralized, efficient organization. It also provided the community with a more professional agency that used preventive patrol measures and a more rapid response to crime. During this time a managed hierarchical pyramid of control was established for police officers. When specific problems rose law enforcement created special units to take care of these issues instead of using patrol officers. The third era of law enforcement is the community era (1980s-present).This era is characterized by the authority coming from the support of the community, law, and professionalism. A broad range of services provided a better hold on crime control in the community. Having a decentralized organization gave more authority to patrol officers and let them become more intimate with their community relationships. This era also increased the use of foot patrols and an increased knowledge of problem-solvin g. Law enforcement became more concerned over citizen satisfaction.

Analysis and Recommendation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Assignment on Project management - Essay Example At the same time production and sales team should try to reduce production, marketing and sales cost. In order to reduce Cost, Company can try for new techniques for marketing as well as sales, but while doing so customer reaction to these changes should not be ignored. If any changes are done without analyzing market reaction it may result in crisis. â€Å"Gourmet Direct is a web-based New Zealand company delivering high quality gourmet products to the food industry and the public. The company experienced a crisis of customer confidence and loss of business when it attempted to rationalize its product lines by changing from a pick and mix ordering system to having only a set number of packs available for sale. This change was designed to achieve cost savings through a reduced inventory and reduced distribution expenses, but had a further consequence of reducing product availability and ordering flexibility for customers. Customers immediately expressed their displeasure, and the company’s sales plunged dramatically in the year that the decision was implemented. With the bulk of the companys sales usually occurring over the Christmas period, December sales almost halved. The following first quarter sales dropped an alarming 76% compared to the same period in the previous year† In this case company changed its sales policies from a pick and mix ordering system to having only a set number of packs available for sale in order to reduce inventory and distribution expenses, But due to this changes customers found less options for selection and faced lack of availability of product. This was the actual reason for customer dislikes and they stopped buying, which finally resulted in reduced sales on company side. Clearly this is mistake from company’s side. Company should not have implemented changes suddenly all over market at the same time.

At-risk students attitudes toward schooling as related to achievement, Essay

At-risk students attitudes toward schooling as related to achievement, attendance and bahavior - Essay Example ed on the SAAS-R that records students attitudes about feelings about school, teacher relationships, the ability to do well in school, the potential for good grades and engagement in school activities and actual academic achievement, as defined by performance on the Kentucky K-Prep instrument. The study will also measure the relationship between student feelings about self and school and other non-academic factors, such as attendance and the number over recorded behavioral infractions. The academic success of a student depends on numerous positive and negative factors. An overabundance of negative factors present in a student’s life may place them at-risk for facing a number of difficulties such as academic failure, withdrawing from school, and exhibiting certain behavioral problems that my result in a lower quality of home and school life. These risk factors can include ethnic or minority status, low socio-economic standing, and family level of education attainment. Another significant risk factor involves whether or not the student exhibits any physical, behavioral, or emotional disabilities. All of these dynamics may combine to compromise the student’s chances of receiving a quality education in a free and public school. It is also important to consider other potential barriers to academic achievement. The risk factors here involve a student’s lack of motivation, self-perception, and the interaction that takes place between teachers and other school staff. Rollins and Valdez (2006) found that student perceptions of how they will perform in school determine their academic success. Perception is defined to include all processes associated with the recognition, transformation, and organization of sensory information (Little, 1999). The perception theory defines perception as images that exist where and when the mind perceives them (Carr, 1918). Carr proposed that images are not the whole reality of what is seen, but reality is duration, and the

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Homework - Assignment Example For example a person who is in a bad financial situation will not be interested with the energy drink. Psychological factors include things like attitude and perception. For example, some people view energy drinks as unhealthy and un natural hence such people will not be interested in the drink. As a marketer, it is my duty to take advantage of these influences to make sure the energy drink gets a lot of consumers. I will do this by packaging the product in such a way it appeals to all social classes. This will ensure that all people from all social classes buy the drink. Considering the current economic times, I would also set the price of the energy drink to be as low as possible. This is to allow for people to afford it as it is certain that many people are facing economic hardships at this time. Hence the energy drink will attract a lot of consumers While advertising the product I will also make sure that all details of the drink are included in the advertisement. This includes sugar levels if any and advantages of the drink. This is to make sure that people understand the drink fully. This will help deal with psychological perception people have about energy

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Sex Education in Schools - Essay Example There are some critics who argue that sex education in schools does not achieve the intended purposes. It is however important to realize the importance of offering sex education in schools which is where the young people spend most of their time, and the many benefits that sex education has. This means that policies should be put in place to ensure that sex education is part of the curriculum in the different schools. The role of parents and caregivers should however not be ignored when it comes to giving sex education to the youth. It is important to have the realization that there are many benefits to having sex education as part of the school curriculum. This is because while most young people assume that they have the required knowledge when it comes to sex matters, most of them are very misinformed. This is because they get their information from unreliable sources such as friends who may also lack the proper information. This makes it necessary for teachers to provide the corr ect information to avoid negative consequences. Sex education therefore is the process of ensuring that the relevant and correct information and attitudes about sexuality and sexual identity, intimacy and relationships, sex, and sexually transmitted infections is passed on to the relevant parties. When the information is obtained from the teacher in a regulated setting such as the classroom, the youth will gain a better understanding and therefore avoid the negative consequences of engaging in risky sexual behavior. There are many aspects of sex education, and the content is diverse. The content in sex education includes teaching the students about their sexuality and what makes them male or female and how to deal with developments in their sexuality. In most cases, it is accepted that the goal of sex education should be to ensure that the young people are informed on their sexual health, and when they have received the necessary information, then they will be able to enjoy satisfyi ng relationships while avoiding the risks of reckless sexual behavior which includes diseases and teenage pregnancies. There are two main types of sex education. One type is the abstinence only type of sex education. This is the type of sex education that teaches the youth to avoid engaging themselves in sexual intercourse until such a time that they are married (Denyse and Coles 1). The other type of sex education is referred to as abstinence-plus sex education or the comprehensive sex education. This type of sex education urges the youth to postpone their first sexual encounter and also gives them information on condom use, birth control, teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.

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Children and video games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children and video games - Essay Example The violent content of video games is the cause of the negative influence they have on children. This makes children to develop aggressive behavior, including vengeance. Violent games provoke social exclusion of children, as they will not spare time for homework and interaction with friends. This also affects their health negatively. Children spend more time at home. Video games do not inculcate positive social values in children Video games do not encourage negotiations and nonviolent solutions in children.Video games portray women as weaker sex and sexually provocative. Video games make children live in a fantasy world and they do not think about their future.Children might fail to do their assignments, thus become lazy, and develop issues with teachers in school.Video games result in poor academic performance, due to their addictive nature.Video games might lead to impulsive behavior and concentration challenges. Video games require skills and tactics to play, thus develops child’s brain. Mental skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, fine motor, and spatia. If a parent plays with the child, they bond more.Video games increases interactivity and creativity in children. Video games enhance self-esteem and confidence.Playing as a group boosts coordination in children.Since video games have considerable benefits, if allowed they should be controlled.Provide a variety of entertainment to children to avoid addiction to video games.Regulate the amount of time children play video games.

Legal advice to BGE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal advice to BGE - Assignment Example In its bid to raise capital in 1818, the company was enlisted in the public stock market. The company transformed into a corporation in 1906, and its mission is to achieve customer satisfaction by providing high quality energy services and products. From 1960 to 1980, the company experienced numerous growths and the climax was in 1967 when it built the first nuclear generating plant in Baltimore. In 1983, due to losses in its business operations, BGE sought diversification of its business initiatives but was rejected by the Maryland council since local laws did not allow such ventures (Dubinsky and Morgenstern, 1982). In 1989, the company’s nuclear power plant was shut down and it faced numerous fines deteriorating its financial capabilities. In 1992, with the passing of the Energy Federal Act, which allowed competition in the wholesale power market by retention of retail business, the company was able to reinvent itself (Williams, 1984). It responded by looking for a strategi c partner for the purposes of improving its profits. In 1995, the company formed a joint venture with Potomac Electric Power Company, and they engaged in reduction of staff and job overlapping. This was aimed at saving approximately a billion dollars. The merger was called off in December 1997 due to disagreements on cost sharing and regulatory laws of the District of Columbia (Moscardini & Betacourt, 1990). In 1998, the company made organizational changes and split its management into three distinct parts, namely unregulated subsidiaries department, utility operations department and power generation department. Currently, BGE has undertaken to improve the productivity of its services by rolling out the smart grid initiative. The smart grid initiative will allow clients to regulate their energy use with the money they are willing to spend and starting this year, the company will install two million smart meters and its devices in Maryland. After the installation, the company plans t o establish an online device that will enable customers to view their energy usage patterns and costs. The tool will give tips on effective consumption of energy, and outline a comparison on the neighbor’s energy usage pattern. This is called the green button technology. Clients will be able to view and download information of a similar manner concerning customers of other energy companies (Carvallo & Cooper, 2011). In rolling out this service, laws regulating the administration of the initiative must be put into consideration. At the federal level, the administrative law relevant to this initiative is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In initiating the smart grid technique, BGE will face numerous costs, and ways and measures of reducing risks associated with implementation of this act needs to be looked at. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act is an example of an administrative law that the company can invoke to minimize the risks associated with the initiative (Keyhani, 2011). The law allows compensation by the federal government to American companies suffering losses due to initiating policies meant to benefit its citizens. In Maryland, the most relevant aspects of administrative laws is the EmPOWER Maryland Efficiency Energy Act which regulates energy consumption and peak demands. It is the duty of energy companies in Maryland

Evaluate the Current State of the Economy Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Current State of the Economy Essay Labor market conditions are important especially for the following categories, businesses, individuals, and governments. The nation’s labor market conditions are constantly monitored by statistical analysis, unemployment rate being the primary metric. In April of 2014, the unemployment rate fell from 6.7% percent to 6.3% percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 2014), which was the lowest rate since September of 2008. Since January the unemployment rate had been somewhat flat, but in April 2014 it dropped. However in April, the labor force additionally dropped by 806,000 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2014) meaning the current ratio drop from 6. 7% to 6.3% comparatively remains approximately the same as the constant trend. In other words, because of the decrease in workforce, the drop in unemployment may be partially a result of the decrease in workforce. The consistent level of unemployment makes shifts on AD and AS curve minor. When unemployment decreases, as it did in April, a correlation linking the drop in unemployment to an increased demand of goods and services can be made. This increased demand requires the productivity of companies to increase to meet the supply deficit, creating more jobs for individuals. With a greater demand for goods and services, there is a greater need for people to produce them, therefore a decrease in unemployment. Additionally, the decrease in unemployment means household income will improve, providing them with more disposable income. As noted above, because of the increase in demand (seen in the decline in the unemployment rate), a direct correlation can be made to an increase in supply, though delayed. The increase in supply increases the number of new employees as employers look to meet the demand for goods and services, shifting the AS  curve to the right as well. In most cases unemployment remains constant, but in US, the high unemployment rate (compared to the past) can have a negative effect on the economy. The steady unemployment rate can reduce the supply of labor in the economy, as unemployed people become discouraged and stop looking for jobs. This would shift the aggregate supply curve to the left. Also employers may use the threat of unemployment to cut wages, exploiting their workers. Expectations The great intangible factor directly affecting the economy currently is people’s expectations for future economic growth. These economic expectations influence the economy greatly. If businesses and households are more optimistic about the future of the economy, they are more likely to buy large items and make new investments, increasing the aggregate demand. The AD can change in a variety of ways. Peoples expectations causes them to spend less or be forced to cut spending, it causes the government to cut its spending, and it causes businesses to be more money conscious when choosing what their investment in goods will be from other companies. As a gauge, many people look at the gross domestic product (GDP), the broadest measure of economic activity, which grew at a 0.1% annual pace in the first quarter of 2014 (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014). This is slow growth compared to recent annual rates of 2% to 3% (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014). Many think the slowdown was caused by the long winter felt throughout the country. These slow growth rates shift both the AD and AS curves to the left, as consumers and business feel the affect or people’s â€Å"wait and see† attitude in economy. Assuming this is all weather based, the economy should bounce as household moral improves with the warmer spring and summer weather. Consumer expectations are also reflected in their spending. Consumer spending rose 0.3 percent last month after a downwardly revised gain of 0.2 percent in January (Mutikani, Lucia, March 2014), positive for now, but on a larger scale reports show the slowdown in real GDP growth is reflected in the downturn in exports. The exports of industrial supplies and materials as well as foods, feeds, and beverages  declined after increasing in the fourth quarter of 2013. (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014). Additionally, imports have also declined by 0.4 percent in April, after increasing 1.8 percent in the first quarter of 2014 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2014). The April drop was the first monthly decrease since the index fell 0.9 percent in November 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2014). Import prices also fell 0.3 percent over the past 12 months and have not recorded a year-over-year advance since the index increased 0.9 percent from July 2012 to July 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2014). There drops in the US economy are felt in the household sector through the implementation of monetary and physical policy which are used to combat economic declines which directly affect consumer’s expectation and spending habits. Consumer Income As mentioned above, consumers are still buying things. Consumer spending continues to be a bright spot, growing at a 3% annual pace. (Mutikani, Lucia, March 2014). This occurred even though prices of goods and services bought by U.S. residents rose 1.4 percent in the first quarter, after rising 1.5 percent in the fourth quarter of 2013. Both energy prices and food prices turned up. Excluding food and energy, prices increased 1.4 percent in the first quarter after rising 1.8 percent in the fourth quarter (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, April 2014). This illustrates the shift in AD tow the right. Meaning consumers are willing to pay higher prices at current production rates. The increase in consumables indicates consumers have more disposable income to spend on goods and services, and they are not choosing to save. Personal income and personal saving statistic showing that personal income adjusted for inflation and taxes increased 1.9 percent in the first quarter, compared with 0.8 percent in the fourth quarter of 2013 (Mutikani, Lucia, March 2014). Incomes also rose 0.3 percent last month after rising by the same margin in January. Additionally, inflation has remained low. Combining  these factors, consumer spending, price increases, low inflation, increased personal income, will inevitably be forecasted by business as indicators to increase production. Increased production also increase supply, shifting AS to the right as business attempt to meet consumer demand. Interest Rates Interest rates in the United States are the lowest they have been in years. This indicates the policy and stance taken by the government for lending money. The government is trying to entice consumers to file for loans as well as encourage banks to lend and approve loans. With interest rates this low and consumer income increasing, one would expect consumers to increase their buying of more significant items. The aggregate demand curve shows, at various price levels, the quantity of goods and services produced domestically that consumers, businesses, and governments are willing to purchase. The increase in demand for low interest loans would shift the AD curve as a shift to the right. Domestically, the Federal Reserve expected to remain in a wait-and-see mode, hoping to get a clearer picture of U.S.’s future economic strength (Kurtz, Annalyn, April 2014). Moreover, the Federal Reserve has been buying bonds to stimulate the U.S. economy on and off since 2008, but the central bank is now gradually bringing that program to an end. The withdrawal process is expected to reduce bond purchases to around $45 billion a month (Kurtz, Annalyn, April 2014), and this process potentially will shift the nations monetary policy to focus more on interest rates rather than adjustments to the monetary base. These changes to the interest rates will impact capital goods decisions made by consumers and by businesses. Lower interest rates will lower the costs of major products, such as houses, and will increase business capital project spending because of the reduction in long-term investment costs. Such changes will move the aggregate demand curve will down and to the right. But, in the event of an interest rate hike, the higher real interest rates  will make capital goods relatively more expensive and cause the aggregate demand curve to shift up and to the left. Recommendations America’s recent financial crisis and the anticipated future economic outlook can be traced back to 2007 when the U.S. housing bubble burst. The bank failures created a dominos affect, creating an economic meltdown in all sectors of the US economy. Despite government attempts to help the situation, the economy has slowed and has slipped in and out of recession. As a result, the current government policies have not been effective, creating hesitations in consumer spending. Since 2008, the actions taken by the Federal Reserve have put the U.S.’s economy in jeopardy. To stem the economic slide of the U.S. housing collapse, the Federal Reserve has printed off trillions of dollars and has increased government spending in the economy hoping the influx of cash will jump start economic activity. But is has had an inverse affect. This dilution of the monetary base has diluted the value of the U.S. dollar (USD) domestically and internationally and has caused concern of consumer spending in the loanable funds market. Consumer spending is a 69% of the US GDP (The World Bank, 2013). An increase in spending would stimulate additional demand for products. With an increase in demand, business would increase productivity resulting in an improved GDP and lower unemployment. Additionally, in 2014 one of the greatest uses of a consumer’s income is to pay health care costs. The Bureau of Economic Analysis noted that the increase in health care costs was driven primarily by the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Removing the Affordable Health Care Act will improve consumer spending, as their disposable income percentage will increase. When the financial crisis began in 2008, the U.S. national debt stood approximately at $10 trillion. Based on the US Treasuries own figures, the national debt will reach be close to $20.0 trillion by the end of this decade (US Treasury Department – Treasury Direct, 2014), greater than our nation’s GDP. Reducing government  debt takes a long time, especially with the current international influences (China, Japan, EU). A fiscal policy to increased taxes and reduced government spending would be a place to start. Additionally, a reduction in monetary base will again, strengthen the USD internationally, helping facilitate and increase import/exports. Part 2: Evaluation of Recommendations Keynesian Perspective: Based upon the thorough analysis completed above, the Keynesian model is an appropriate mechanism for stimulating an economy that is growing but at a much slower rate than what is typical during a period of economic expansion. After a couple of years of substantive growth, the numbers for the first quarter of 2014 showed a GDP increase of just 0.1%. While the unemployment numbers continue to show a decline. While stubbornly remaining at 6.7% nationally through April, the most recent numbers show significant decline to 6.3%. The mortgage interest rates fell recently to 4.29% as the housing market has slowed down recently. While the Fed is beginning to slow down buying treasury bonds, it will continue to keep interest rates low until all signs point to GDP growth returning to a normal rate of 3.28% annually. Those numbers are indicative of annual GDP growth rates from 1948 to 2009. The first quarter of 2009 saw the economy shrink by nearly 5% following the market collapse and the bank bailouts just before President Obama took office. Subsequently, the bailout of GM and Chrysler in 2009 also impacted the economy as well, but was necessary to save the industry and jobs in Detroit and elsewhere for parts manufacturers and suppliers. The risk of course was the loss of more than a million jobs, but in the end the loss was $10.5 billion in taxpayer money not repaid by GM. Classical Macroeconomic theory assumes that market conditions will sort themselves out, but the confluence of catastrophic economic issues such as: the real estate market collapse, bank insolvency, the stock market collapse and the auto industry bailouts meant looking at long-term solutions would  not provide the confidence in the markets and consumers alike. Short-term or stop gap measures needed to stem the downward spiral to depression and economic contraction were and are required to right the economic ship. Keynesian economic theory is more prone to acceptance of government stimulus as it relied on government spending during economic downturns. They Keynesians believe that the economy is made up of consumer spending, business investment and government spending and because of this, Fed monetary policy adjustments should be made to promote banks to make loans, businesses to invest in growth and expansion and consumers to have more buying power due to lower interest rates. When consumer spending is decreasing, the Keynesian theory believes that the government spending can help with economic growth. The current course of action taken by the Fed and the President should be continued for the foreseeable future until economic conditions stabilize back to the norms over the last 60-plus years. Once GDP growth returns to expansionist highs and inflation begins to rise, there may be a need to take corrective action again to slow the economy down, but for now that is not an issue. Since economic growth is lacking, government intervention is needed to help regulate and jumpstart the economy. This will allow banks to lend more, businesses to invest more and households to spend more. It is crucial for these three entities to do as such since it will help the economy grow and progress. Classical Perspective: A portion of the AS curve that is almost vertical is associated with a real GDP rate that fully employs a nation’s resources. At a rate of output, the nation has reached the limitation of its short run capacity, so an attempt to increase employment or output beyond this rat would result only in a higher aver price level. The theory is built on the fact that in the long run, a nations move gradually and automatically moves toward full employment. This inexorable like movement toward full employment is the  result of supply and demand forces that cause prices (wages, interest rates, and exchange rates) to adjust so that markets clear. And after enough time, the market will settle the supply and demand in all markets, and thereby eliminate any imbalances, such as employment. Since many classical economists do not believe that government spending gives power to the public sector and decreasing the private sector, they do not fully agree with too much government spending as it ex ploits a lot of economic resources. Example: â€Å"Suppose a nation had excessive unemployment. Classical economist would agree that a major cause of the unemployment was an average real wage rate that was above equilibrium. At this wage rate the amount of labor supplied exceeds the amount demanded, resulting in unemployment. The excessive supply of labor would put downward pressure on real wages. Falling real wages would then have two reinforcing affects that acted simultaneously to bring the labor market back into equilibrium. First, lower real wages would increase the incentive for businesses to hire workers; second, they would reduce the number of individuals in the workforce. For instance, instead of looking for work, some individuals might stay in school or remain homemakers. If real wages fell the amount of labor supplied would equal the amount demanded and unemployment would be solved.† (Marthinsen, John E. (2007)) The classical perspective emphasizes on the belief that government spending is detrimental to the economy and that the market itself is self-sufficient and can automatically adjust to increases and decrease of employment, consumer spending, business investment and so on. The current government policies have not been effective and when looking at it from this classical perspective, it might be necessary for the government to step back and let the mark equilibrate itself. References: Bureau of Labor Statistics. (April 2014), U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ximpim.nr0.htm Bureau of Labor Statistics. (May 2014), Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey Retrieved from http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Conerly, Bill (2014) Economic Forecast 2014-2015: Looking Better With Help From Oil And Gas Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/billconerly/2014/01/22/economic-forecast-2014-2015-looking-better-with-help-from-oil-and-gas/ Congressional Budget Office, (February 2014). The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2014 to 2024 Retrieved from http://www.cbo.gov/publication/45010 Kurtz, Annalyn, (April 2014). U.S. Economy Slows to Stall-Speed Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2014/04/30/investing/gdp-economy Marthinsen, John E. (2007) Managing in a Global Economy: Demystifying International Macroeconomics. Mason, OH: Thomas Southwestern Mutikani, Lucia (March 2014). U.S. consumers lift spending, but sentiment slips. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/28/us-usa-economy-idUSBREA2R0UB20140328 The World Bank. (2013). Household final consumption expenditure, etc. (% of GDP) Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PETC.ZS U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, (April 2014). National Income and Product Accounts Gross Domestic Product: First Quarter 2014 (advance estimate). Retrieved from https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm US Treasury Department – Treasury Direct, (2014). Historical Debt Outstanding Annual 2000 – 2012 Retrieved from http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo5.htm

Qualitative Analysis Of An Overhead Throw Physical Education Essay

Qualitative Analysis Of An Overhead Throw Physical Education Essay Overhead throw is an important fundamental movement in many sports. It is categorized to be one of the early fundamental manipulative motor skills for every child to develop (Kathleen, 2004). This skill can be transferred to many other sports such as tennis serve, javelin throw and baseball pitching. The throw can be assessed either for accuracy (e.g. baseball pitching) or for distance (e.g. javelin throw) and there are some critical features that need to be present in the throw in order to achieve an optimum throw. In this study the goal is to achieve maximum distance and hence it is important to consider the law governing projectile motion which is angle of release, height of release and velocity of release. In qualitative studies, we use critical features or elements to cue the presence of these 3 features. The presence of upward ball path, the fully extended elbow in the throwing hand and the accelerated overhead arm swing are some of the actions to cue presence. Critical features or elements are based on biomechanical factors that create the throw movement and are usually derived from quantitative analysis studies of throwers. One such factor is kinetic open chained movement where body segments or joints move in a combination. The movement involves chaining segmental movements such that the last segment is free to move E.g. in a kicking ball action, the hip flexes with the knee extends and dorsi-flexes during the kicking action and the relax arm action during an overhead throw. Another biomechanical factor is the concept of kinetic-link and stretch shorten cycle where there is an interaction of a linked system of body segments. (Kreighbaum and Barthels, 1985; Steindler, 1955). Each segment need to move in a sequential coordinated manner with precise timings of acceleration of proximal segment so as to transfer energy to distal segment. In qualitative studies, physical education teacher and coaches observe these critical features for quick assessment on the overhead throw or other activity. Qualitative analysis is much preferred than quantitative analysis as it is not feasible and practical for physical education teachers and coaches to adopt quantitative analysis. There are many issues concerning using quantitative analysis such as time, cost, practicality and even ethical. Some parent may not be comfortable with their child being taken into lab for collection of data. One major advantage of qualitative analysis is that it allows skill to be assessed as a whole as the proficiency of some movement may be involving the interaction of every critical feature. In motor development milestone studies, qualitative studies take the approach of observing the critical features and analyze it with the motor skills developmental milestones. Getchell, 2005, motor development experts formulate logical decision tree checklist to a ssess the maturity of the critical features. Another method is to compare the performer with and expert, this allows the skill gap to be more visible. Intervention can later been drafted effectively to improve performance by emulating the technique of the expert. Objectives The objective of this study is to show the use of qualitative analysis in improving a child (subject age 6) overarm throw. The throw will be maximal effort, thrown for distance. The comparison model will be of an adult expert thrower (subject age 30). Intervention will be suggested based on the qualitative analysis to improve throwing technique. Methodology This study adopted Knudson Morrisons four-task integrated qualitative analysis model of preparation, observation, evaluation/diagnosis and intervention. Prior to the activity, an observational check list (Fig 2) was drafted using Gangstead and Beveridge, 1984, D. Knudson C. Morrison, 1996 and Haywood Getchell, 2005 model of an overhead throw. In this check sheet, the overarm throw was broken up into 3 phases which are preparation, action and follow through phases. Critical features for each phase were listed to assist in the observation and evaluation of the throw. An adult expert thrower was used for comparing the childs throw. Each component and phases were evaluated objectively with a score of poor, average and good. The adult and the child performer was tasked to do overarm throws (n=3) with maximal effort and distance of each throw was recorded using a standard 50m measuring tape. Maximal effort throw was chosen as the type of activity rather than throw for accuracy as the latter may be a difficult skilled task for the child. These eliminate the concern for motor developmental stage of the child. Children sponge tennis balls were used as projectile. Due to the experience level and language limitation of the child, he was given verbal instructions and a demonstration of the activity. The adult and child thrower performed the throws at two different locations due to childs parents consents. Video of each throw was recorded using a Sony digital camcorder model: Model: DSR-PDS10P using a 2-dimensional analysis camera setup. The video data was analyzed qualitatively using the checksheet and the software use is a standard computer integrated media player, window media player. Results Fig 1: Sequential phases of expert and child throw Child achieved an average of 8.58m as compared to the expert thrower with 20.5m (Fig 3). From Fig 1 2, sequential phases and observational checklist, the child showed a different movement pattern from the expert and score poorly in terms of path of hub, bodyweight transfer and movement of the legs and trunk during the preparation, action and follows through phase. There is an absence of trunk utilization throughout the 3 phases. During the preparation and action phases, the child exhibited a poor homolateral lower body action where he bent his knee of the same side as the throwing hand. In addition, there were no bodyweight transfer and leg drive by the child in the preparatory and action phases. On the other hand, the child showed similar upper body movement pattern in the action and follow through phase. There was an arm and humerus lag during the action phase. There was acceleration of his throwing arm in forward direction. The ball was released in an incline with his arm fully extended at the top of his head. The whole movement was accelerated, smooth and continuous. During the follow through phase, his arms swung across the body and relax. The child scored well in critical features of arm actions and the release of ball. As a whole, he show competency in the action phases with an average score and scored well in the follow through phase with a good score. Fig 3: Throw Distances Fig 2: Observational Checklist Intervention The child has good upper body technique and if the child is able to throw consistently with this technique. Improvements could be made in leg drive, contral lateral leg action, sequential coordination, and angle of release. Practice should consist of a combination of games approach (GCA) and drills bearing in mind his age and motivational level. The whole throwing sequence can be broken down into parts to simplify learning. One example practice to improve leg drive and contral lateral leg action is by putting visual cues like colour spots or numbering spot for them to step on. Next, improvement of the angle of release can be taught by putting target on the wall and the child needs to throw toward the target. Different target height can be put so as to allow the child to explore and experience different angle of release. The presence of targets allows the child to direct his attention to the effects to the ball trajectory (external focus of attention) rather than directing their atten tion to their arm throwing form (internal focus of attention) hence making learning more effective (Wulf Prinz, 2001). Sequential coordination should be the last to be taught as for many high-speed movements, it is the last refinement area for optimal performance. It said that development of sequential action will be limited until energy from the lower extremity can be channeled up to the body (Morrison Knudson, 2002). Before introducing the intervention, there should be some consideration in terms of his age and developmental milestones. There is a need to individualize the teaching and feedback hence his training should not be mixed with other children unless being group with similar profile. This is because children of the same chronological age may differ in developmental level and physiological age (Getchell, 2005). Models of good throw as a whole or segments need to be shown with good critical cues used during practice, research show that this can improves performance and learning best in children (Fronske, 1995; Masser, 1993; Weiss, 1982). Appropriate augmented feedback need to be given by identifying both strength and weakness with strength to be praised before reinforcement. According to Throndikes law, 1927, people tend to repeat responses that are rewarded and avoid responses that are punished. Evaluation, diagnosis and re-observation need to be done regularly to monitor progression. In addition, record keeping of the whole movement and critical features progression through observation check sheet provide reference to coaches and teacher on the progression of learning. Video recordings or pictures can be also be adopted to provide visual feedback to the child. This allows reflective learning which further enhances learning. Discussion From this study, we can clearly see the practicality and the feasibility of qualitative studies in an activity. It is a low cost and quick way of skill and technique improvement process. As teachers and coaches, the use of video and checksheet can help to record and observe large number of students at the same time. The video data can then be viewed at a convenient time. With the current technology, the video can be played in slow motion where critical features can be objectively assessed. In the event of shortage of manpower, the use of observational checksheet allows the coaches and teachers to share the evaluation workload with other teachers or senior students without compromising the objectivity and validity of the evaluation. In addition, the videos and observational checksheet allow record keeping of subject performance for future development and studies. Exemplary skills can be shared and showed to future students and trainee for modeling purposes. The possible challenge to the use of qualitative analysis is the perception its effectiveness. Teacher and coaches may perceive qualitative assessment may not be very objective as it is not absolute. When it comes to grading or selection exercise, the subject of fairness is questionable. There will be some resistance to the use of video analysis as some may find it difficult to use. To tackle these two issues, qualitative analysis can be made more objective and assessment friendly by having more details description in the observational checklist. As for the difficulty in using video, more training can be given to teacher and coaches. They can also be attached a mentor to assist. The proficiency will eventually be improved with more practice.

Female Form in the Art Deco Movement: Tamara de Lempicka

Female Form in the Art Deco Movement: Tamara de Lempicka Design for Passion: The female form in Art Deco The Art Deco style was the genre during the 1920s and 1930s affecting the decorative arts, fine arts and fashion (Lucie-Smith, 1996). Throughout this period it was moment for womens clothing fashions. The portraits of Polish-born Tamara de Lempicka elaborated on the trend as a painter of people mainly in the smart social circles in which she moved. She was penniless when she fled to Paris with her husband and daughter. It was then she resolved her talents of artistry would establish a successful career in Paris. To represent her painting style she elaborated on distinctive streamlined elegance with a sense of chic decadence, often compared to the cubism of Leger (sometime called Soft Cubism). She was better than anyone else at representing the Art Deco style in painting. Her works exhibited the true meaning of the Art Deco style and affiliated the passion for design that women had in their lifes turning point (de Lempicka, 1998). It can be said that she is probably the most famous painter of the art deco period. The painting style created by de Lempicka was as glamorous as her subject matter. Her instructor Andre Lhote did not realize the subtle syntheses of inspiration she portrayed. The use of a plastic metaphor which Tamara used time and again in her artistic output can be characterized by the haughty expression typical of a certain caste, or in her nudes which are allegories of lasciviousness. She used a trademark combination of soft, rounded forms set against architectural lines and shapes that reflected a new sophisticated urbanity to those she painted in highly mannered portraits. Her other main subjects included erotic nudes and still life of calla lilies. Her bold technique and palette rapidly won her acclaim as the quintessential Art Deco artist (Blondell, 2004). Art Deco design was above all modern that exemplified the boundless potential of a newly industrialized world. The characterizations of Art Deco include the use of materials such as sharkskin, zebra skin, zigzag and stepped forms, bold and sweeping curves, chevron patterns, and sunburst motif. The sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a ladys shoe. It was a mainstream in consumerism that was stressed in the great fashion magazines as Vogue and Harpers Bazaar to advertise the emergence of the New Woman in American society. It was argued that Art Deco functioned as a trademark for popular notions of femininity during a time when women were said to be the consumers of the average household. A genre of the time it appealed to women and was used as a selling point for cosmetics, clothing, home furnishings, jewelry, and art objects. The image that femininity would dominate the American imagination for the future inspired consumerism (Fischer, 2003). The corset was definitively eliminated making the flat and square dresses of the 1920s an ideal canvas to display motifs of the Art Deco period. Skirts were shortened and the female figure became formless and androgynous (sexless) the waistline dropped to the hips or simply ceased to exist. In the 1930s the waistline moved to its natural position. Nylon, satin, silk and crepe the most prevalent of materials used to make fine figure defining dresses. Fabric was cut diagonally to take advantage of its elasticity to show formation of what it covered. Skirts were made longer while the legs were allowed to be seen via long slits in the dresses and the shoulders were broadened by padded shoulder inserts (Lussier, 2003). In Portrait of a Young Girl in a Green Dress, Tamara explicitly demonstrates her visual of the fashion of the times, sleek and seductive (Lucie-Smith). Girl in Green with Gloves, probably her most famous painting epitomizes her style showing the fabric and hair combined into sharp lines and flowing curves with the entire form strongly dimensional yet remaining abstract and modern. The Art Deco of the 20s, with its geometric motifs and bright, bold colors superlative represents the best and purest forms of the decorative art period. Reaching its bold point between 1925 through 1935, the classical, symmetrical, rectilinear style of Art Deco, drew inspiration from other art movements such as Cubism, Futurism, and influence of the Bauhaus and became the dominant art form of Paris between 1920 through 1930. Tamara deLempicka was the artist who pursued the Arts Decoratifs style, derived from the Worlds fair held in 1925, formerly titled the Exposition Internationales des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes that showcased French luxury goods (Wikipedia, 2003). A 1925auto portrait, Tamara in the Green Bugatti was an oil painting on wood. Tamara was dressed in a bright yellow with black hat, matching the color of the vehicle. The painting came about when a magazine editor was overwhelmed by the drivers style. The driver, later was learned, to be de Lempicka herself. The editor had left a calling card on the windshield asking the yellow clad woman to contact her. Die Dame, Germanys leading fashion magazine, then commissioned a self portrait in the car for the magazines cover. The result was one of de Lemplickas best known works wherein she mixes cold, hard textures with luxurious, decadent sensual imagery. A point of interest on the matter was that Tamara NEVER owned a green Bugatti. The auto portrait was an icon of the era. The painting is said to represent the newly discovered freedom of women of the day (Paloma). Sexy, modern and unabashedly consumer-oriented was the new Art Deco style. Motifs were borrowed from Japan, Africa, ancient Egtyptian and Mayan cultures to create novel visual effects (Benton, 2003). French pochoir prints from the glorious Art Deco era presented womans fashion designs in their most original era. The clothing was revolutionary from designers such as Charles Worth, Jean Patou, Paul Poiret, Lucien Lelong and Joseph Paquin (Schiffer, 1998). Erte was an artist who received his fame by his drawings in Harpers Bazaars magazine for 22 yrs. His covers for the magazine shaped the entire modern tradition of fashion drawing. Erte (name derived from his initials R. T. Romaine de Tirtoff) also designed sets for plays and musicals most noted are the costumes and stage sets for the Folies-Bergere in Paris (Blum, 1976). He was perhaps the most appealing of artists at the time, called attention to the sleekness of style giving emphasis to lineal definition and bold color. (Fischer). The jewelry from the era exploded with color, drama of form and juxtaposition of texture and contour. Designs included buckles, clips, belts, mirrors, pendants, cigarette cases, rings, chains, necklaces, watchbands, brooches, studs and charms (Raulet, 2002). The aesthetic of Art Deco was most radical in the late 1920s at which female stars as Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford and Myrna Loy donned lavish Art Deco fashions. De Lempicka herself received acclaim for her aloof Garboesque beauty, her parties, and her love affairs. Her beauty and opinionated nature also increased her celebrity (de Lempicka). The style declined as a growing conservatism challenged the feminist advances of an earlier generation. The Art Deco woman was once an object of desire but she then regressed toward demeaning caricatures and pantomimes of unbridled sexuality (Fischer). To artists she (de Lempicka) appeared to be an upper-class dilettante, and to the nervous haute bourgeoisie she seemed arrogant and depraved, comments Laura Claridge. Her beauty and opinionated nature increased her celebrity as photographs of the period show a sleek woman whose lethargic-eyed mystique challenged that of Greta Garbo. De Lempicka was a very physical person. She often slept with the people she painted, or those who sat for her. They were both male and female. Her first lesbian affair was said to be with Ira Perrot who modeled for her and took her to Italy where she discovered paintings of Botticelli and Messina. It was the period of time in which she began to attend lesbian parties. Her creativeness went as far as the tastefully arrangement of food on the body of a nude woman. Thereafter, she would then slowly she eat her midnight meal (de Lempicka). The artist pursued older men as social companions, but slept with younger and more handsome men. She was often seen caressing a working-class boy one night and a woman the next. Her adventures inspired her artwork. An overview to her painting of Adam and Eve, her daughter Kizette states, The model walked across the room and picked up an apple from the bowl to satiate her hunger. Tamara then says: Stop! I have an inspiration. I have before me the vision of Adam and Eve. She then went out into the street and nearby saw a policeman on his beat. He was young and handsome. Monsieur, I am an artist and I need a model for my painting. She brought him into the studio and said you are Adam, here is your Eve completing her motivation. Among the unique aspects of her style is the overt lesbianism that informs it, especially in her female nudes, i.e. Two Friends, Spring, and The Girls. The implication of sexuality between the females is subtle yet obvious. Tamara Gorska de Lempicka was married first to Tadeusz Lempicki a Russion lawyer and socialite and then to Baron Raoul Huffner with whom she moved to America. Being a bisexual woman, de Lempickas works reflects a glorification of the female form and vignettes of female life. Seated Nude (1923) exploits her depiction of women in which she sets the tone of a powerful, curvy, and slab-faced image. Depicted during the Jazz Age de Lempickas art expel a riot of color combined with the sharpness of Cubism making them seem to explode from their frames and grab our attention (Charlish, 2004). The sexy, bedroom-eyed women in stylish dresses are rendered in haunting poses that seem to mirror her life through her art. The Orange Turban of which Tamara produced eight versions in her lifetime, shows the influence of the Dutch and Flemish masters that she absorbed while studying at the Louvre. Independent publisher Mani de Li of Modern Art A Skeptical View, opinions that Tamara succeeds in portraits that have an aim similar to Picassos failures with hers being more original, complete, better drawn, colored and composed. The paintings never contain those scratchy areas of flat schmiery ugliness and unfinish so common in even the best of Picassos, he contends. From the pages of womens magazines to the salons and counters of department stores to the set of design of Hollywood films, the Art Deco style was used to market modernity and elegance (Fischer). Tamara sold her portrait art to the rich aristocracy of Paris that fetched huge prices. She refused to comment on the fascism around her. It was between the wars, that she painted portraits of writers, entertainers, artists, scientists, industrialists, and many of Eastern Europes exiled nobility (Lucie-Smith). She had a choice to do carnival or festive art, and chose the festive (Boje, 2001). Peter Plagens, an art critic from Newsweek, referred to Tamara as practically forgotten with her production of almost soft porn. And he further stated that Tamara was the end product, not the producer of art that influences other artists (Claridge, 1999). After a threat of a Second World War, Tamara left Paris to go to Hollywood. There she became the Favorite Artist of the Hollywood Stars. The 1950s and 1960s phased out Deco Art until in a 1966 exhibition in Paris it resumed its interest. She had changed her style to abstract art in the 1960s. Her works were created then with a spatula with her output seemingly out of fashion. De Lempickas earlier works began to rise in the 1970s and by the 1990s she once again became a stylish icon. Feminisms emphasis on unearthing sidelined women had played a part in her revitalization as well. The liberation of gay women has made her the prophetic, in -house painter of lipstick lesbianism (Charlish). Today de Lempickas work still is connected to Hollywood with singer/actress Madonna and actor Jack Nicholson being the most avid contemporary collectors of her paintings. Her paintings were rediscovered by the world (Neret, Gilles, 1992). Tamara de Lempicka achieved her notoriety and fame several times during her lifetime and remains popular today for her highly sexualized art deco portraits. The qualities of decadence and hedonism that caused critics of the 1960s and 1970s to dismiss her work are those traits that now show new appreciation, comments Elizabeth Ashburn, Professor and Head of the School of Art in the College of Fine Arts at the University of South Wales, Austrailia. Tamara de Lempicka chose her teachers well. She learned the use of simple lines and a smooth finish from Maurice Denis, from who she had her first painting lesson at the Academe Ranson. She learned the neoclassical modification of cubism from Lhote in Paris. She learned the clear, glowing colors and imperious yet powerful interpretation of the female form and execution of the society portrait from Ingres (Charlish). When combined, the three distinct traits of her tutors were expelled though her own unique style in which she was able to bring across the passion of design. De Lempicka is the true demonstrator of the female form in Art Deco painting. The icon of Art Deco ceased her works after the death of her husband in 1962. She moved to Mexico and died in her sleep in 1980 only to leave behind her ashes strewn over the crater of Mt. Popocateptl along with her now valued works of art depicting one of the most fascinating periods of art history in which she displayed the liberty of the woman of her time. BIBLIOGRAPHY Benton, Tim, Benton, Charlotte Wood Ghislaine. 2003 Art Deco: 1910-1939. Bulfinch; 1st North edition. Sept. 17. ISBN:082122834X. Blondell, Alain Brugger, Ingirid. (2004) Tamara de Lempicka. Royal Academy Books. 168 pgs. ISBN: 1903973422. Blum, Stella. 1976 Designs by Erte. New York: Dover. Boje, D. M. 2001 Athletic Apparel Industry is Tamara-land. Tamara: Journal of Critical PostmodernOrganization Science. Vol. 1 (2), pp. 6-19. Charlish, Nicky.2004 Art Deco Icon: Tamara Lempicka. Culture Wars.RoyalAcademy, London. Claridge, Laura.1999 Tamara de Lempicka: A Life of Deco and Decadence. ClarksonPotter Publishers. 436 pgs., September 21. De Lempicka,Baroness Kizette and Philip, Charles. (1998) Passion by Design: The Artand Times of Tamara de Lempicka, Abberville Press. 192 pgs. ISBN:0789205033. Fischer, Lucy.2003 Designing Women: Art Deco, and the Female Form (Film and Culture). Columbia University Press. 352 pgs. ISBN: 0231125011. Lucie-Smith,Edward. 1996 Art Deco Painting, Phaidon Press, 160 pages, ISBN071482545X. Lussier, Suzanne.2003. All Tied-Up: The Corset in Contemporary Fashion. The Victoria and Albert Museum. Neret, Gilles. 1992.Tamara de Lempica Benedict. Taschen Verlag GrnbH. Kolan. Paloma Gallery. http://www.paloma.ca/gallery.html. Raulet, Sylvie.2002 Art Deco Jewelry. Thames Hudson. Schiffer. 1998. FrenchArt Deco Fashions: In Pochoir Prints from the 1920s. Schiffer Publishing .Feb. 1. 160 pages. ISBN: 0764304747. Wikipedia. 2003.The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.

Virginias SOL Testing. :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abbreviation SOL stands for, Standards of Learning. The Standards of Learning is a test that was devised in the spring of 1998 to provide information on the progress of students toward meeting achievement levels. To me as a citizen of Virginia, and as a student, I think this test is a burden on most students in all grade levels, and should be eliminated. Because first, the number of tests being administered to student each year is outrageous, second, the penalties a student has to face for failing are too harsh, and third, it puts the school in jeopardy of losing its accreditation which is a no win situation. Virginia’s Standards of Learning has come under much criticism over the past couple of years, and I for one think it deserves to be criticized. Each year student in every school district across America have to take two or more test such as, the (LPT) Literacy Passport Test, the Stanford-9 exam or the (SOL) Standards of Learning, depending on the grade level. In two out of these three tests, students are required to pass in order to graduate, and judging by last years test scores, most students future would be endangered if they are unable to bring there score up. This has led to the question, â€Å"are we testing our students too much†? This question was bought up at a General Assembly meeting in March of 2000, the Virginia Board of Education responded by saying they would move the Stanford-9 exam from the spring to the fall, so it would not interfere with the spring SOL tests. But this still is not enough for me, because all of these tests are designed to do one thing, and that is to evaluate a student’s comprehensive knowledge of a certain subject. So what I don’t get is, why do a student have to take two or more test a year just to evaluate his understanding of a certain subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since this test has been devised, the number one question everybody is asking is, â€Å" isn’t it unfair to base a student’s entire future on one test, when he or she simply could have had a bad day when taking the test†? The president Kirk T. Schroder of the Virginia Board of Education, answer this question by saying, â€Å"First of all, these tests are untimed, so no student is under arbitrary time pressure in taking the test.

Essay --

Tracing back the history of accounting scandals, major corporate scandals not only hurt the economy but also crush investor confidence on investing in company. Majority of corporate scandal are create by greedy CEOs â€Å"cooking the books† to meet the number that they expected. In this case, Richard Scrushy is one of the greedy CEOs. This is a case of a falling American dream. Richard Scrushy, was a self-made son of the new South, a former teenage parent who hauled himself up from a menial job to become an emperor of the new economy. Health South Corporation is the United States’ largest inpatient rehabilitative hospital. Health South provide the service of rehabilitative care to patient recovering from all kind of conditions. It all started in 1984, the company is used to known as Amcare Inc. at the decade of 1990, Health South Corporation expanded in tremendous speed. At the year of 2003, Health South has expended to two thousand facilities in not only every state in United States but also United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Puerto Rico, and Saudi Arabia. The company has recorded almost four and half billion U.S dollars in revenue, which dominated the entire rehabilitation care industry. Health South Corporation seems like a dream. Unfortunately, Health South Corporation’s accounting issue started to surface in the end of 2002. Richard Scrushy sold seventy- five million worth of stock a few days before the corporation announced a huge loss to the public. Since that event, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission started to investigate whether Richard Scrushy was involved in insider trading. March 20, 2003, Richard Scrushy, the former chief executive officer of HeathSouth Corporation, was charged by the Securities and Exchang... ... you are involved in cheating, your tolerance of unethical behavior will increase. Ethical is one the fundamental virtue for all business student. If business students are not well train for maintaining ethical judgment, the scandals they might create will damage investors’ confidence on investing corporation, which damage nation’s economy as a whole(Works Cited). In conclusion, all officers who are responsible for the Health South Corporation scandal is convicted and pay their penalty. Although Scrushy was not convicted the first trail, but the prosecutor tried their best and successfully bring justice on the Health South scandal. Ethical is one the fundamental virtue for all business student. All business student should be well train to maintain ethical judgment and prepare to have the courage to deny all kind of unethical situations and scandals(Works Cited).

gatjay F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby as the Magician :: Great Gatsby Essays

Jay Gatsby as the Magician in The Great Gatsby Magicians are known for the tricks that they play on the eyes. What often seems like magic, turns out to be just a careful flick of the wrist. In the book The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzerald, the magician is compared to the character of Jay Gatsby. The magician motif is used among other tools to prove that appearance is not always reality. The higher class throws sophisticated and glamorous parties that include many interesting people. They have fun and show off their fortunes with the grand affairs. Jay Gatsby is described as a rich, powerful man, and mysterious man, but all his fortune is made for a simple cause, the love of the beautiful Daisy Fay Buchanan. He is compared to a magician because he gives an appearance of being in a higher class than he really belongs to. Gatsby strives to appear to be high class, but reality ends up hurting him hard in the end. Gatsby's money was not earned legally or inherited as a fortune from his great uncle, but was made through illegal sche mes. Gatsby's goal is to try to seem to be in a higher social class than the class where his birthright put him. He creates the illusion of a higher stature. He does not care about the money or any other material wealth. He cares about the love of a woman. Gatsby makes many illusions in hopes of showing his Daisy that he is in a class as high as hers and that they do belong together. What a magician does is deceive his audience. Jay Gatsby has to do that to make his audience believe that he belongs to a higher class than he was really born into. The word "great" is often used to announce a magician. The title of the book is the introduction of the character of Jay Gatsby. He is the great magician that can create magic and fool all the spectators around him. Jay Gatsby throws wonderful parties to give the mirage of great wealth and high class. Only the most interesting people are invited. The thing is that he does not care for the people, but only of what they think of him. He does not show his own face, but gives the impression of someone really lavish by the parties and the guests. gatjay F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Jay Gatsby as the Magician :: Great Gatsby Essays Jay Gatsby as the Magician in The Great Gatsby Magicians are known for the tricks that they play on the eyes. What often seems like magic, turns out to be just a careful flick of the wrist. In the book The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzerald, the magician is compared to the character of Jay Gatsby. The magician motif is used among other tools to prove that appearance is not always reality. The higher class throws sophisticated and glamorous parties that include many interesting people. They have fun and show off their fortunes with the grand affairs. Jay Gatsby is described as a rich, powerful man, and mysterious man, but all his fortune is made for a simple cause, the love of the beautiful Daisy Fay Buchanan. He is compared to a magician because he gives an appearance of being in a higher class than he really belongs to. Gatsby strives to appear to be high class, but reality ends up hurting him hard in the end. Gatsby's money was not earned legally or inherited as a fortune from his great uncle, but was made through illegal sche mes. Gatsby's goal is to try to seem to be in a higher social class than the class where his birthright put him. He creates the illusion of a higher stature. He does not care about the money or any other material wealth. He cares about the love of a woman. Gatsby makes many illusions in hopes of showing his Daisy that he is in a class as high as hers and that they do belong together. What a magician does is deceive his audience. Jay Gatsby has to do that to make his audience believe that he belongs to a higher class than he was really born into. The word "great" is often used to announce a magician. The title of the book is the introduction of the character of Jay Gatsby. He is the great magician that can create magic and fool all the spectators around him. Jay Gatsby throws wonderful parties to give the mirage of great wealth and high class. Only the most interesting people are invited. The thing is that he does not care for the people, but only of what they think of him. He does not show his own face, but gives the impression of someone really lavish by the parties and the guests.

What is an educated Filipino Essay

The conception of education and of what an educated man is varies in response to fundamental changes in the details and aims of society. In our country and during this transition stage in our national life, what are the qualities which an educated man should possess? Great changes have taken place in the nature of our social life during the last forty years. The contact with Americans and their civilization has modified many of our own social customs, traditions, and practices, some for the worse and many for the better. The means of communication have improved and therefore better understanding exists among the different sections of our country. Religious freedom has developed religious tolerance in our people. The growth of public schools and the establishment of democratic institutions have developed our national consciousness both in strength and in solidarity. With this growth in national consciousness and national spirit among our people, we witness the corresponding rise of a new conception of education – the training of the individual for the duties and privileges of citizenship, not only for his own happiness and efficiency but also for national service and welfare. In the old days, education was a matter of private concern; now it is a public function, and the state not only has the duty but it has the right as well to educate every member of the community – the old as well as the young, women as well as men – not only for the good of the individual but also for the self-preservation and protection of the State itself. Our modern public school system has been established as a safeguard against the shortcomings and dangers of a democratic government and democratic institutions. In the light of social changes, we come again to the question: What qualities should distinguish the educated Filipino of today? I venture to suggest that the educated Filipino should first be distinguished by the power to do. The Oriental excels in reflective thinking; he is a philosopher. The Occidental is the doer; he manages things, men and affairs. The Filipino of today needs more of his power to translate reflection into  action. I believe that we are coming more and more to the conviction that no Filipino has the right to be considered educated unless he is prepared and ready to take an active and useful part in the work, life, and progress of our country as well as in the progress of the world. The power to do embraces the ability to produce enough to support oneself and to contribute to the economic development of the Philippines. Undoubtedly, a man may be, and often is, an efficient producer of economic goods and at the same time he may not be educated. But should we consider a man who is utterly unable to support himself and is an economic burden to the society in which he lives as educated merely because he possesses the superficial graces of culture? I hope that no one will understand me as saying that, the only sign of economic efficiency is the ability to produce material goods, for useful social participation may take the form of any of any of the valuable services rendered to society trough such institutions as the home, the school, the church and the government. The mother, for example, who prepares wholesome meals, takes good care of her children and trains them in morals and right conduct at home, renders efficient service to the country as well as the statesman or the captain of industry. I would not make the power to do the final and only test of the educated Filipino; but I believe that in our present situation, it is fundamental and basic. The educated Filipino, in the third place, must have ingrained in his speech and conduct those elements that are everywhere recognized as accompaniments of culture and morality; so that, possessing the capacity for self – entertainment and study, he may not be at the mercy of the pleasure of the senses only or a burden to himself when alone. There are, then, at least three characteristics which I believe to be the evidence of the educated Filipino – the power to do, to support himself and contribute to the wealth of our people; acquaintance with the world’s progress, especially with that of his race, people, and the community, together with love of our best ideals and traditions; and refined manners and moral conduct as well as the power of growth.

Police surveillance Essay

Police superintendence end be a good thing merely it can in like manner be a bad thing. There atomic number 18 morale and respectable implications concern with guard c be. This literature review depart well examine guard oversight. The level of natural law contract inspection and instruction garner that exists move ons to be discussed by scholars. There atomic number 18 numerous an(prenominal) perspectives when discussing jurisprudence inspection in earth demesnes, separately discussing an unmarried aspect of cargon, and its significance. In Frank Websters book Theories of the culture company he discusses the ontogenesis of jurisprudence watch and organization in advanced times. Within his discussion, Webster fools reference to works of Anthony Giddens. Webster wonts Giddens expla earth of the re exoteric c tout ensemble told d feature, to begin his discussion of c be.He contends that from the surfaceset in the democracy state, conceiv ed as a bounded surface area over which is exercised political baron, education has an exceptional significance. He argues that from their establishment, soil states are schooling societies, and a requirement of a nation state is that the members of it, be kn stimulate at least in a minimal sense. He further explains this requirement by stating, that a nation state must clench some(prenominal) allocative resources and classic resources. He imagines that in site for these resources to be achieved, characterful care is a prerequisite. Giddens argues that the nation state had a particular interest in and reliance upon teaching gather and storage. The pull together and storage of randomness is part of a contract mingled with the nation state and its members are a battery of citizenship amends and duties.The graduation exercise duty of any political experience is to encourage its frontiers, due to this in that respect is an insatiable longing for info. This hunger is amplified by possible threats to a nations b frame, whether real or perceived. This suppuration take up for entropy has ca utilize for the humanity of a massive system of interlined technologies to routinely and continuously monitor and inspect neverthelessts and activities troops and civilian around the globe. The contact between nation state and citizen, allows for each citizen to ready some rights and duties. Rights that are commonly held allow a right to education, to vote, to hold a passport, to a minimum level of income, to health treatment and so on. They overly swallow duties, as citizens, to pay taxes which are levied, and in some cases fight and die for their country.The tar of rights and benefits by the nation state, such as the delivery of welfare benefits and services is at the heart of the system of mass care beca part it is there that the processes of classification, cultivation group and recording are constantly multiplying. Giddens ca ll ups that the informatisation of decree is in part due to the existence of constabulary supervision in the youthful nation state. He contends that due to this supervision, that rather than beting a modern nation state as an cultivation society, it would be break away to regard it as a inspection society.His dividing lines presented leave al integrity a solid considering of how a nation state is formed, and the design of surveillance in a surveillance society. Giddens equally provides insight into how reading meeting place occurs, and how that gathering of tuition has an effect on cursory life. Giddens discussion of a kindly contract art object non fresh, is a way to better understand how the organisation can justify the use of jurisprudence surveillance as it is present-day(prenominal)ly employ. The blood line that at the rate of which surveillance is expanding and advancing, that a nation could succumb to totalitarian rule, while creative, this appears to be to a greater extent of a judgment provoking statement, rather than actual probability. In Kevin Robins and Frank Websters Times of the Technoculture From the training decree to the Virtual feel, the authors describe what they endpoint as the Republic of Technology.In this republic, society is fixated by the idea of progress, outgrowth and ontogenesis without end. They make reference to Cornelius Castoriadis, who explains that society seeks a dream of take care. This fantasy is of total control, of our go out or desire for mastering all objects and all circumstance. It is argued that the culture of engine room is in part the reason for the expansion of jurisprudence surveillance. According to Christopher Lasch, the delusion that we can make ourselves lords of the universe is the heart and soul of modern technology. Robins and Webster argue that the clearest expression of compulsion to program line and control is found by the constabulary. The practice of law in their view is central to the growth of surveillance and to the growing need for development.Robins and Webster deliberate as Anthony Giddens, that upon generalized patterns of change has been so profound that it is little short of cockeyed to seek to interpret such patterns with out systematic reference to it That practice of law developments are central, rather than marginal to the technological project. Robins and Webster believe that the police plays a central reference for the maintenance of current surveillance and for its incoming expansion. Robins and Webster argue that the police, as the central force for the expansion of surveillance, plays a large role in diverting necessary gold away from its citizens and has an overriding influence on the direction research and development that could be better used for other initiatives.They argue that the lobbies impose a large stage of influence which distorts and perverts sparing and societal priorities by procedures whic h are largely closed to public scrutiny. The role of the police and the use of surveillance can be seen as a doer of glide slopeible control. Social control, correspond to Robins and Webster, is accomplished by way of surveillance and control strategies, which are modeled on the police paradigm. They believe that even policing, is mournful towards a more military trend of operation. Robins and Webster argue that police imperatives exhaust play a major role in the growth of the state and the systems of surveillance. Robins and Webster agree with Anthony Giddens fray that surveillance as the mobilizing of administrative power with the storage and control of teaching is the primary means of concentration of authoritative resources.In other words, the use of police surveillance and the gathering of information are central to the maintaining control and order. The authors emphasize that at heart the country, the police is central to the accrual of information on both possib le enemies and its own citizens. Furthermore, police technologies are well funded and continue to be used to experience the moon of total control. They argue this dream has existed in the development of technologies, and that in the future pursuit this dream will result in a system that deliberately eliminates the tout ensemble human individual(prenominal)ity, ignores the historic process, overplays the role of the countermand intelligence, and makes control over physical nature, finally control over man himself, the foreman purpose of existence.Robins and Webster provide a opposite perspective of the root of police surveillance and information gathering, and how this is largely due to the fantasy of total control. The ability to control all that is usable is a fantasy that has acquire to the remarkable growth of police technologies that are used in part on a nations own citizens. This growth of surveillance and police technologies leaves the authors to believe that humans will lose control over themselves, with the furtherances of technology. This argument is frightening barely such a statement is warranted with the advancement of technologies. In The Pay-Per hostel Computers and Communication in the knowledge date Essays in vital Theory and populace Policy, Vincent Mosco discusses the role of the police in the development of computer and colloquys systems.He believes that this is necessary, because the police over the years, has exerted the nigh substantial influence on the development of computer and communications. Mosco argues (similar to Robins and Webster) that the police has increasingly shaped the development of technology in the get together call downs, particularly the development of communication and information technologies. Mosco discusses the affinity between the police, the unify States government and constancy. He explains how the police has been a operate force in the creation of untried-fangled technologies, using funds received from the united States government, on with relationships with leading technology corporations.Mosco states that the relationship between the Pentagon and the US computer industry has always been strong. During the 1940s and 1950s the US government, led by the Pentagon, provided most of the backing for computer research. Moreover, the relationship has continued to bide strong. This arrangement has allowed for the National Security government agency to look at in their control a global computer/communications satellite system that routinely monitors international telex, telegraph, telephvirtuoso, radiocommunication and other transmissions, emanating from or direct to the United States. The military has non limited its surveillance only over its own territories, but also foreign nations and space. Fijnaut (1995) discusses the expansion of police technologies, and the expansion of surveillance into space.He explains that police computers are integrated into sys tems of Command, manoeuver, Communication and Intelligence. Moreover, that police computers have expanded the range, speed and truth of weapons systems. That intelligence gathering, surveillance and reconnaissance have been expanded by way of communication technologies. The polices wish to have the most control and guard from disorder. Fijnaut (1995) argues that the limits on police technologies has yet to be reached, and will continue to expand. This expansion of information gathering and surveillance is in part, for the protection of a nation, against disorderly conduct.The protection of a nations citizens and the protection of their rights is of the utmost sizeableness for any government, and due to this, the creation of smart technologies is deemed necessary. In direction parliamentary law observe Everyday Life, David Lyon discusses the need for information gathering and surveillance in modern nation states. He argues that modern government administrations matter on th e collection and recording of person-to-person entropy. Moreover, that modernity means reliance on information and manageledge in generating and maintaining power. collectable to that the fact that much of that information is personal, he argues that such cerebrate aid to entropy on individuals spells surveillance. He contends that the magnification of surveillance capacities is a fact of modernity, and that it is part of the ball that has been created in an fire to bring sociable, frugal and political arrangements into rational regimes of organization and control. He argues that, the centreed attention (surveillance) on individual lives is characteristic of modernity, and that it provides eligibility to benefits of citizenship, such as the right to vote, or state welfare, and also may ensure that workers are sequesterly remunerated, or rewarded with promotions and recognition of retirement at the appropriate time.Lyon provides both the positive and negative aspects of police surveillance, and argues that while surveillance practices may be bowdlerizeing, or that they may be used in negative ways, does non alter the case that police surveillance is scarce a fact of modern social life. Lyon provides examples of police surveillance and information gathering in social activities. One such example is in the Toronto area, the worlds first fully automated buzzer road. Highway 407 provides an alternative route with the busiest corridor in Canada, with tolls equanimous either via transponders in vehicles or by video cameras examine registration plates.This technology was developed from what was used for smart bombers during the 1991 Gulf War. This technology identifies the design vehicles for tolls based on the distance driven and the time of the day. This to many, is considered a luxury, and the automatic calculate rather than toll booths provides convenience. age this is true, what is not realized by the driver is that this technology permit s the creation of real-time simulations of road trading time-space movement across cities. This is extremely priceless to planners, especially in densely travelled urban corridors. This example shows how military technologies are used in public sector.Lyon also discusses the impossibility for anyone to be shielded from the alive(predicate) surveillance. Lyon argues that surveillance operates in so many occasional life spheres today that it is out(predicate) to evade, should one wish to. We are thusly wrapped in media. Most of our social encounters and almost all our economic legal proceeding are subject to electronic recording, checking and authorization. In all aspects of our lives, we are unable to escape. Lyon also argues that there is not one exclusive agency that is responsible for the focused attention on our daily lives. Lyon provides insight into both those for and against the current level of surveillance, he begins by saying, that those who are opposed to such surv eillance do so, because they feel that there is something ruin when big government and large corporations seem to extract, process, exchange and even trade personal data with apparent impunity.Lyons argument can be seen as organism that police surveillance is a focused attention to personal life lucubrate with a view to managing or influencing those who lives are monitored. He believes this to be the power of classification, of social sorting. In his book, Lyon offers an approach, a mode of pleasing with the issues related to police surveillance and information gathering. He does so, by discussing how police surveillance and information gathering technologies are utilize in daily lives, and discusses the complaints made by those who are fearful of such focus being made on their lives.In Whats natural About the clean care? Classifying for kind and Continuity, Gary T. Marx discusses how much surveillance is applied categorically and beyond persons to places, spaces, networks a nd categories of person. And that the trait between self and other surveillance can be blurred. He attempts to gameylight the differences between the new and traditional surveillance and offer a way to gaining control information relevant to contemporary social, ethical and policy considerations. In this publication, Marx is attempting to determine whether or not the protection of personal information is decreasing or increasing. Marx argues that in the ending half of the 20th century, that there has been a significant increase in the use of technology for the discovery of personal information.He provides examples such as, video and audio surveillance, biometric access devices, drug testing, DNA abbreviation, computer monitor including email and web usage and the use of the computer techniques such as bright systems, matching and profiling, data mining, mapping, network analysis and simulation. He believes that control technologies have wrick what had only previously existed i n the imaginations of science fiction writers. Marx argues that a new rendering of surveillance is necessary to fully understand its implications. He finds previous definitions inadequate, and provides his own definition. He suggests that a better definition of the new surveillance is the use of technical means to extract or create personal data.This may be taken from individuals or contexts. In this definition the use of technical means to extract and create the information implies the ability to go beyond what is offered to the unassisted senses or voluntarily reported. This definition he believes to be better suited for what is considered new surveillance technologies. Marx argues that surveillance technologies can provide many positive aspects to society, and outlines how openness would be beneficial. He argues that through offering high quality documentary evidence and examine trails, the new surveillance may intensify due process, fairness and legitimacy.That it may lend to the political pluralism central to democracy by making the tools of surveillance wide available so that citizens and competing groups can use them against each other, as well government, to enhance accountability. He argues that in the United States, unlike in many societies, surveillance technology is widely available to the public, and due to this, surveillance may no longer be considered a one-way mirror, but instead a window. In Privacy is Not the counterpoison to Surveillance, Felix Stalder discusses the existence of police surveillance and information gathering in democracies. His contention is that in democracies, extensive institutional mechanisms are in place to create and maintain accountability.Moreover, that there are mechanisms to punish those who abuse their power. Stalder believes that similar mechanisms must be developed for the intervention of personal information. He believes that due to the current status of surveillance, that the public (US) have receive ne rvous. Prior to the attacks on family linetember eleventh 2001, polls showed that the vast majority of respondents were concerned or very concerned rough the misuse of personal data. As discussed by Webster and Robins, Lyon and others, access to large data-sets of personal information is a prerequisite for social control. Those who hold such data have a crucial tool, which allows them to influence the behaviour of those whose data is being held.This exists not only commercially, but also more importantly by governments who collect data about their citizens in order to increase accuracy of their planning, as well as combat tommyrot and tax evasion. With growing concerns, the usual response to these problems is the call for further protection of hiding. While the call for more protection king be the clear answer, doing so is not as easy as one susceptibility think. The definition of what privacy is, throughout the world varies. Europeans have developed one of the most stringen t approaches where privacy is silent as informational self-determinism. Stalder explains as being, that an individual should be able to determine the extent to which data about her or him is being collected in any given context.In this context, privacy is personal, and being personal, every unmarried person will have a different notion about what privacy means. Data one person might allow to be collected bight be deeply personal for soulfulness else. The likelihood of having a collectively authentic definition is slim. Stalder provides his own solution for this ever-growing problem. severally article provides insight into different areas concerning information gathering and police surveillance. In association with one another, it is possible to understand how surveillance technologies have been created, and how these technologies continue to be funded by governmental agencies.The effect that this massive reinforcement has on local economies would require even further researc h, but at the warmness of this dilemma, is what can be done to better protect civilians from the collection and sharing of information collected. Civilians feel helpless to protect themselves from their privacy being invaded. Moreover, these articles explain how the protection of civil, political, economic and human rights are secured are secured through the systematic surveillance and data-collection. Without this, governments would not be capable of such a task, and these rights would surely be infringed upon.They are confronted with a growing police presence in their daily lives, some not even well-educated that it exists. They use their credit card, and do not realize that each purchase is tracked, recorded, entered into a database, so that companies can use the data received, for profitable gains. They do not know that their information is bought and sold, traded on the open market, along with all other commodities. In order for governments to provide services to their citiz ens, they require the collection of data. This data is used for purposes that are deemed legitimate, such as taxes and social security.What worries many is what else that information is being used for, and who is being given access to it. While accountability, by governments in this area has increased, the same can not be said for information gathered by commercial entities. The growth of information gathering and police surveillance in Canada and the United States especially, can be attributed to many factors. One such factor is the need for a nation state to protect itself from invasion, the protection of its borders and citizens is of the utmost importance. This being said, governments attempt to have complete control of their territory, this requires the use of police surveillance, for surrounding nations, and for those within their borders. some other fact that needs to be intercommunicate is the undeniable connection between governments and their police, by which technologies are funded and created. This relationship has allowed for the astonishing growth of police technologies, which in many respect drains from social services and depletes national revenues, when more civilian based initiatives could be implemented. imputable to the sophistication of information gathering, civilians are no longer capable of securing their own information. Their information is passed from corporation to corporation, without any sense of protection at their disposal.There is a lose of accountability, when dealing with corporations, and how a persons personal information is acquired and kept. Moreover, in order for any change to occur, definitions must be more precise, rather than attempting to apply hidden terms for new solutions.WorksConsulted Lyon, David. Surveillance Society Monitoring Everyday Life Open University Press Philadelphia, 2001. Marx, Gary T. Whats New About the New Surveillance? Classifying for Change and Continuity in Surveillance and Society 1(1) Univ ersity of New Castle United Kingdom, Mosco, Vincent. The Pay-Per Society Computers and Communication in the Information Age Essays in Critical Theory and Public Policy in SOSC 2312 9.0A execute fit 2004-2005 York University Toronto, 2004. Robins, Kevin & Frank Webster, Times of the Technoculture From the Information Society to the Virtual Life in SOSC 2312 9.0A Course Kit 2004-2005 York University Toronto, Stalder, Felix. Privacy is Not the counterpoison to Surveillance in Surveillance and Society 1(1) University of New Castle United Kingdom, 2002. Webster, Frank. Theories of The Information Society, Routledge London, 2000. cloak-and-dagger Police Surveillance in the States (20th Century Fund) by Gary T. Marx declivity 5, 1989 Secrets Of Surveillance A Professionals Guide To chase Subjects By Vehicle, Foot, Airplane, And Public Transportation by ACM IV Security Services Sep 1993 Women Police Gender, Welfare and Surveillance in the Twentieth Century by Louise capital of Missis sippi Sep 17, 2006 The Surveillance Studies Reader by Sean Hier and Joshua Greenberg Aug 1, 2007 Police Officer Exam by Donald J. Schroeder and Frank A. Lombardo Jan 1, 2005 Policing, Surveillance and Social Control Cctv and Police Monitoring of Suspects by Tim Newburn and Stephanie Hayman Jun 2001 State Secrets Police Surveillance in the States by Paul Egleson, Nick Hentoff Nat Cowan 1974 Undercover-Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective by Cyrille Fijnaut Oct 12, 1995 State secrets police surveillance in America by Paul Cowan 1974 Undercover Police Surveillance in America by Gary Marx 1990